---
title: "BIPED: Pedagogically Informed Tutoring System for ESL Education"
description: "The work offers a resource and a recipe for more pedagogically grounded ESL tutoring. 37 references, cited by 8 papers here."
authors: ["Soonwoo Kwon", "Sojung Kim", "Minju Park", "Seunghyun Lee", "Kyuseok Kim"]
year: 2024
venue: "Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)"
source: "https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.03486"
doi: "10.18653/v1/2024.acl-long.186"
arxiv: "2406.03486"
licence: "arXiv — non-exclusive licence to distribute"
licence_url: "http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/kwon-2024-biped-pedagogically-informed-tutoring-system/"
---
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# BIPED: Pedagogically Informed Tutoring System for ESL Education

**Authors:** Soonwoo Kwon, Sojung Kim, Minju Park, [Seunghyun Lee](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/seunghyun-lee/) and Kyuseok Kim · **Year:** 2024 · **Venue:** [Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/acl/) ([ACL 2024](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/acl/2024/)) · **Licence:** [arXiv — non-exclusive licence to distribute](http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.acl-long.186) · [PDF](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2406.03486) · [DOI 10.18653/v1/2024.acl-long.186](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.acl-long.186) · [arXiv 2406.03486](https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.03486) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W4402672086)

**Citations:** 1 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14) · [8](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/kwon-2024-biped-pedagogically-informed-tutoring-system/cited-by/) in our library, of the 149,439 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
LLM-based conversational tutors for English learners usually cover only toy topics or rely on a small set of coarse teaching moves. This paper aims for tutors that adapt richer pedagogical strategies to each learner. The authors collected BIPED, a bilingual dataset of real one-on-one human tutoring sessions built around reading an authentic news article, with work on vocabulary, grammar and cultural background. After the sessions, they analysed the transcripts and derived a taxonomy of 34 tutor acts and 9 student acts. They then annotated every utterance with these acts, its content, and whether student answers were correct.

On top of this data they built two tutors that first select a tutor act and then write a reply matching it:
- one uses GPT-4 with BIPED examples supplied in context;
- one fine-tunes SOLAR-KO 10.7B, a model trained on Korean text, with multi-task instruction tuning.

The fine-tuned model came closest to human tutors' wording and reply length, and it used the widest range of teaching acts. The work offers a resource and a recipe for more pedagogically grounded ESL tutoring.

## Key points
- **Dataset scale:** BIPED has 112 fully annotated sessions with 4 experienced ESL tutors and 60 students. Each student had three 30-minute audio sessions, transcribed with Whisper.
- **Session statistics:** sessions average about 105.7 turns. Tutors use about 31.7 words per turn and students about 8.2.
- **Evidence of teaching value:** the mean normalized learning gain was 0.089, and student satisfaction ratings were about 4.6–4.7 out of 5.
- **Fine-tuned model results:**
  - Tutor-act accuracy was 0.259 across 34 classes.
  - It had the lowest invariability (5.273), meaning more varied act choices.
  - It had the best sBLEU (15.874) and BERTScore (0.716), though slightly lower embedding similarity than GPT-3.5 1-shot.
  - Adding the extra instruction tasks beat both the ablation and the plain conditional-generation baselines.
- **Limitations:** evaluation is static rather than interactive with real students, and models larger than 10.7B (e.g., LLaMa 70b) were not tested.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

## Institutions

- [Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/korea-advanced-institute-of-science-and-technology/) — University, Daejeon, South Korea · 59 works · 3,320 citations

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## Cite

Cite as: Soonwoo Kwon, Sojung Kim, Minju Park, Seunghyun Lee and Kyuseok Kim. 2024. BIPED: Pedagogically Informed Tutoring System for ESL Education. Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers).

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{kwon2024biped,
  title = {{BIPED: Pedagogically Informed Tutoring System for ESL Education}},
  author = {Soonwoo Kwon, Sojung Kim, Minju Park, Seunghyun Lee and Kyuseok Kim},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)},
  year = {2024},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/2024.acl-long.186},
  eprint = {2406.03486},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.acl-long.186}
}
```

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*Updated 3 November 2026*