--- title: "Sequences of Verbal Forms and Taxis in Biblical Hebrew — Lenzi 2015" description: "After reviewing seven approaches to the Hebrew verb (conversive waw, aspect, historical-comparative, text-linguistic and others), Lenzi… 52 references." authors: ["Giovanni Lenzi"] year: 2015 venue: "Journal of Hebrew Scriptures 15" source: "https://doi.org/10.5508/jhs.2015.v15.a8" doi: "10.5508/jhs.2015.v15.a8" licence: "JHS open access; no licence statement on this article page — not verified, read only" summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License" canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/lenzi-2015-sequences-verbal-forms-taxis-biblical/" --- [Elamur Research](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/lenzi-2015-sequences-verbal-forms-taxis-biblical/) [home](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [papers](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/) / [2015](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/2015/page/3/) / Sequences of Verbal Forms and Taxis in Biblical Hebrew # Sequences of Verbal Forms and Taxis in Biblical Hebrew **Authors:** Giovanni Lenzi · **Year:** 2015 · **Venue:** Journal of Hebrew Scriptures 15, article 7 **Link:** [jhsonline.org/index.php/jhs/article/view/29348](https://jhsonline.org/index.php/jhs/article/view/29348) · **Licence:** copyrighted — summary only (JHS open access; no licence statement on this article page) [**0** citations](https://openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2525400250) OpenAlex, 2026-10-14 · [Journal of Hebrew Scriptures 15](https://openalex.org/S2764683527) - [Publisher's page](https://doi.org/10.5508/jhs.2015.v15.a8) - [PDF](https://jhsonline.org/index.php/jhs/article/download/29348/21368) - [DOI 10.5508/jhs.2015.v15.a8](https://doi.org/10.5508/jhs.2015.v15.a8) - [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2525400250) **Authors (1)** 1. [Giovanni Lenzi](https://openalex.org/A5019302473) [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/36778204) · h 1 · 3 citations · 9 works Citations and author metrics: OpenAlex, 2026-10-14; authors with the same name are not always told apart. ## What it is about After reviewing seven approaches to the Hebrew verb (conversive waw, aspect, historical-comparative, text-linguistic and others), Lenzi proposes to read verb forms as sequences, not one by one. There are two kinds of sequence. A past/anterior sequence starts with a suffix form (qatal) or with "x + wayyiqtol" (x being a time phrase, a subordinate clause or the preceding text) and may continue with qatal or (way)yiqtol; a non-past sequence starts with a prefix form (yiqtol) or "x + weqatal". The first verb (or x) fixes the time value for the whole sequence: past perfect, past, present perfect, future perfect for the first kind; present, future, future-in-the-past for the second. Inside a sequence, the forms differ by taxis (Maslov's relation between events): in a past sequence qatal adds a coordinate, independent event and the prefix form (wayyiqtol) a dependent, following one; in a non-past sequence the roles are swapped (yiqtol coordinate, weqatal dependent and following). He claims the same syntax holds in narrative, speech and poetry, and that wayyiqtol ≠ qatal and weqatal ≠ yiqtol. Hypotheticals, infinitives, purpose clauses, participles and deontic yiqtol are left for later. ## Ideas - I1. Time propagation along a chain: find the head of each verb sequence (first finite verb, or the "x" element before a waw-form) and copy its time value to all following verbs of the chain until a new head; output a Tense feature per verb with the id of the head that set it. Measure against JPS English tense. - I2. Taxis from the form-in-sequence: wayyiqtol in a past chain and weqatal in a non-past chain → "follows the previous event"; a non-waw qatal in a past chain or yiqtol in a non-past chain → "independent/simultaneous" (background). This gives the world's timeline an explicit before/after/same-time edge for each verb. ## For Mova - I3. Test the claim that the same rules hold in speech and narration by running I1–I2 separately on `prag`'s narrator and character parts. I1 and I2 are candidate rules for the timeline in the world reader and for a tense/taxis MISC feature in `tools/macula`; they are also the most direct operational form of the verb theory for [languages/hbo/06-verb.md](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/hbo/06-verb/) (the aspect–tense debate) and `09-discourse.md` (mainline). I3 uses the voice column of `tools/macula/src/prag.rs`. Each rule comes with its reason (the head verb), as Mova's design requires. Topics[Hebrew & Aramaic](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/hebrew-aramaic/) · [Semitic languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/semitic-languages/) ## Cite Cite as Giovanni Lenzi. 2015. Sequences of Verbal Forms and Taxis in Biblical Hebrew. Journal of Hebrew Scriptures 15. The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. [DOI 10.5508/jhs.2015.v15.a8](https://doi.org/10.5508/jhs.2015.v15.a8) ```bibtex @article{lenzi2015sequences, title = {{Sequences of Verbal Forms and Taxis in Biblical Hebrew}}, author = {Giovanni Lenzi}, journal = {Journal of Hebrew Scriptures 15}, year = {2015}, doi = {10.5508/jhs.2015.v15.a8}, url = {https://doi.org/10.5508/jhs.2015.v15.a8} } ``` - [← previous Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics XXIV–XXV, éd. Samira Farwaneh, Hamid Ouali, 2014, Amsterdam/ Philadelphia, John Benjamins Publishing Company](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/plonka-2026-perspectives-arabic-linguistics-xxivxxv-ed/) - [next → The Translation of Quotative Frames in the Hebrew Bible](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/miller-naude-2026-translation-quotative-frames-hebrew-bible/) - [↑ back to papers of 2015](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/2015/page/3/) ## References 52 references, 4 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet. 1. Andersen, D. 2000. The Evolution of the Hebrew Verbal System. ZAH 13: 1–66. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Andersen%2C+D%2E+2000%2E+The+Evolution+of+the+Hebrew+Verbal+System%2E+ZAH+13%3A+1%E2%80%9366%2E) 2. Andrason, A. 2010. The Panchronic Yiqtol. Functionally Consistent and Cognitively Plausible. JHS 10/10. 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