---
title: "Visualizing and Understanding Neural Models in NLP — Li 2016"
description: "Neural NLP models often outperform feature-based systems, but their vector representations are hard to interpret."
authors: ["Jiwei Li", "Xinlei Chen", "Eduard Hovy", "Dan Jurafsky"]
year: 2016
venue: "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/N16-1082/"
doi: "10.18653/v1/n16-1082"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/li-2016-visualizing-understanding-neural-models-nlp/"
---
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# Visualizing and Understanding Neural Models in NLP

**Authors:** [Jiwei Li](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/jiwei-li/), [Xinlei Chen](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/xinlei-chen/), [Eduard Hovy](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/eduard-hovy/), [Dan Jurafsky](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/dan-jurafsky/) · **Year:** 2016 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/N16-1082/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/N16-1082.pdf) · [DOI 10.18653/v1/n16-1082](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/n16-1082) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2964159778)

**Citations:** 625 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · [217](#cited-by) in our library, of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
Neural NLP models often outperform feature-based systems, but their vector representations are hard to interpret. In particular, it is unclear how they compose sentence meaning from words, for example when handling negation, intensification or contrasting clauses. Drawing on interpretation techniques from computer vision, the authors propose several visualization strategies.

They train a standard tanh RNN, an LSTM and a Bidirectional LSTM on the Stanford Sentiment Treebank. They also train an LSTM SEQ2SEQ autoencoder on English sentences from WMT'14. Their analysis tools are:
- heatmaps and t-SNE plots of the composed representations,
- a saliency score based on first-order derivatives, measuring how much each word contributes to the output,
- a variance-based measure that scores a word by how far its embedding lies from the sentence average.

The plots reveal the known markedness asymmetry of negation and show that a few dimensions behave in a fairly localist way. Saliency maps suggest that LSTMs focus more sharply on sentiment-bearing words than plain RNNs do. The autoencoder appears to learn input–output alignments on its own. These general-purpose tools offer an early step toward explaining how deep networks build meaning.

## Key points
- **Data:** The Stanford Sentiment Treebank provides labels for 215,154 phrases in 11,855 sentences. Parse-tree nodes were converted to token sequences and classified at fine- and coarse-grained levels.
- **Sentence-level accuracy (60-dimensional embeddings and hidden layers, dropout 0.1, AdaGrad):**

  | Model | Fine-grained | Coarse-grained |
  |---|---|---|
  | Standard RNN | 0.429 | 0.850 |
  | LSTM | 0.469 | 0.870 |
  | Bi-LSTM | 0.488 | 0.878 |

- **Negation asymmetry:** In the t-SNE plots, "not bad" sits closer to negative words than to positive ones. This suggests the model does not simply apply one fixed "not" transformation.
- **Autoencoder behaviour:** The SEQ2SEQ autoencoder was trained on 4 million WMT'14 English sentences averaging 22.5 words. As decoding proceeds, the source tokens lose influence and previously generated words, acting like a language model, take over.
- **Limits of the methods:** Saliency could not account for why the plain RNN correctly classified an example sentence in which the speaker says they hate the film while granting that its storyline is interesting. The variance method only works when embeddings are learned from scratch.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Natural language processing](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/nlp/)

## Cited by

Cited by

217 papers of our library cite it (of the 140673 whose bibliographies we read); 25 of them have a page here, 192 not yet.

- [Interpreting Neural Networks to Improve Politeness Comprehension](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/aubakirova-2016-interpreting-neural-networks-improve-politeness/)
- [Analysis Methods in Neural Language Processing: A Survey](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/belinkov-2019-analysis-methods-neural-language-processing/)
- [On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Models](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/bommasani-2021-opportunities-risks-foundation-models/)
- [Multi-View Sequence-to-Sequence Models with Conversational Structure for Abstractive Dialogue Summarization](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/chen-2020-multi-view-sequence-sequence-models/)
- [What you can cram into a single $&!#* vector: Probing sentence embeddings for linguistic properties](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/conneau-2018-what-you-can-cram-into/)
- [A Survey of the State of Explainable AI for Natural Language Processing](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/danilevsky-2020-survey-state-explainable-ai-natural/)
- [ERASER: A Benchmark to Evaluate Rationalized NLP Models](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/deyoung-2020-eraser-benchmark-evaluate-rationalized-nlp/)
- [TinyStories: How Small Can Language Models Be and Still Speak Coherent English?](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/eldan-2023-tinystories-small-language-models-still/)
- [Probing for semantic evidence of composition by means of simple classification tasks](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ettinger-2016-probing-semantic-evidence-composition-means/)
- [A Closer Look into the Robustness of Neural Dependency Parsers Using Better Adversarial Examples](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/findings-2021-wang-closer-look-into-robustness-neural/)
- [Explaining Black Box Predictions and Unveiling Data Artifacts through Influence Functions](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/han-2020-explaining-black-box-predictions-unveiling/)
- [Learning to Faithfully Rationalize by Construction](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/jain-2020-learning-faithfully-rationalize-construction/)
- [The emergence of number and syntax units in LSTM language models](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/lakretz-2019-emergence-number-syntax-units-lstm/)
- [Assessing the Ability of LSTMs to Learn Syntax-Sensitive Dependencies](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/linzen-2016-assessing-ability-lstms-learn-syntax/)
- [Linguistic Knowledge and Transferability of Contextual Representations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/liu-2019-linguistic-knowledge-transferability-contextual-representations/)
- [Towards Faithful Model Explanation in NLP: A Survey](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/lyu-2024-faithful-model-explanation-nlp-survey/)
- [Learning Cognitive Features from Gaze Data for Sentiment and Sarcasm Classification using Convolutional Neural Network](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/mishra-2017-learning-cognitive-features-gaze-data/)
- [Explainable Prediction of Medical Codes from Clinical Text](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/mullenbach-2018-explainable-prediction-medical-codes-clinical/)
- [Creating and Characterizing a Diverse Corpus of Sarcasm in Dialogue](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/oraby-2016-creating-characterizing-diverse-corpus-sarcasm/)
- [Generating Natural Language Adversarial Examples through Probability Weighted Word Saliency](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ren-2019-generating-natural-language-adversarial-examples/)
- [Is Attention Interpretable?](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/serrano-2019-is-attention-interpretable/)
- [Does String-Based Neural MT Learn Source Syntax?](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/shi-2016-does-string-based-neural-mt/)
- [深度知识追踪模型综述和性能比较](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/wang-2022-performance-comparison-deep/)
- [Learning Global Features for Coreference Resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/wiseman-2016-learning-global-features-coreference-resolution/)
- [Explainability for Large Language Models: A Survey](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zhao-2023-explainability-large-language-models-survey/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{li2016visualizing,
  title = {{Visualizing and Understanding Neural Models in NLP}},
  author = {Li, Jiwei and Chen, Xinlei and Hovy, Eduard and Jurafsky, Dan},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies},
  year = {2016},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/n16-1082},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/n16-1082}
}
```

- [← previous Visual Storytelling](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/huang-2016-visual-storytelling/)
- [next → WaveNet: A Generative Model for Raw Audio](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/oord-2016-wavenet-generative-model-raw-audio/)
- [↑ back to papers of 2016](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/2016/page/4/)

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