---
title: "Understanding the Thinking Process of Reasoning Models: A"
description: "They release the annotated corpus and detailed guidebooks. 0.732 accuracy. 44 references, cited by 6 papers here."
authors: ["Ming Li", "Nan Zhang", "Chenrui Fan", "Hong Jiao", "Yanbin Fu", "Sydney Peters", "Qingshu Xu", "Robert Lissitz", "Tianyi Zhou"]
year: 2025
venue: "Proceedings of the 2025 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/2025.emnlp-main.922/"
doi: "10.18653/v1/2025.emnlp-main.922"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/li-2025-understanding-thinking-process-reasoning-models/"
---
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# Understanding the Thinking Process of Reasoning Models: A Perspective from Schoenfeld's Episode Theory

**Authors:** [Ming Li](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/ming-li/), [Nan Zhang](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/nan-zhang/), Chenrui Fan, Hong Jiao, Yanbin Fu, Sydney Peters, Qingshu Xu, Robert Lissitz and [Tianyi Zhou](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/tianyi-zhou/) · **Year:** 2025 · **Venue:** [Proceedings of the 2025 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/emnlp/) ([EMNLP 2025](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/emnlp/2025/)) · **Publisher:** [Association for Computational Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/publishers/association-for-computational-linguistics/) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2025.emnlp-main.922/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2025.emnlp-main.922.pdf) · [DOI 10.18653/v1/2025.emnlp-main.922](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.emnlp-main.922) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W4416036197)

**Citations:** 0 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14) · 6 in our library, of the 149,439 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
Large Reasoning Models produce long chains of thought, but there has been no theory-based way to describe how those traces are organized. The authors borrow Schoenfeld's Episode Theory, a framework from mathematics education built from think-aloud recordings of students, and use it to label DeepSeek-R1 reasoning on SAT math problems. They collected R1 outputs for 1,385 SAT Suite Question Bank items. They then annotated a subset hierarchically: each paragraph received a coarse label and each sentence received one of seven episode labels. They release the annotated corpus and detailed guidebooks.

Transition analysis shows recurring patterns resembling human problem solving, such as planning typically leading into implementation. The authors also test automatic labeling. GPT-4.1, prompted with the guidebook and examples, performs best. Fine-tuned BERT is the strongest trained classifier. This matters because it offers a reusable, cognitively grounded protocol for interpreting and eventually steering machine reasoning. The current scope is limited to moderately difficult SAT math, and automatic labeling accuracy is still modest.

## Key points
- **Annotated set:** 38 R1 responses (two for each of 19 SAT skill categories), totaling 915 paragraphs and 3,087 sentences.
- **Label scheme:**
  - Paragraph level: General, Verify, Explore.
  - Sentence level: Read, Analyze, Plan, Implement, Explore, Verify, Monitor. Monitor is an addition to Schoenfeld's original six episodes.
- **Transition patterns:** The strongest off-diagonal transitions are Read→Analyze, Plan→Implement, and Explore→Analyze.
- **Automatic labeling results (30% test split, sentence level):**
  - GPT-4.1 (examples + guidebook): accuracy 0.805, Cohen's κ 0.764.
  - BERT: 0.732 accuracy, κ 0.671.
  - RoBERTa: 0.730 accuracy, κ 0.670.
  - Gemini-embedding SVM, MLP, and KNN classifiers scored lower.
  - Adding the guidebook to prompts clearly boosted LLM accuracy.
- **Main error sources:** Most confusions occur between Verify and either Analyze or Implement. Resources are available at github.com/MingLiiii/Schoenfeld_Reasoning.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

## Institutions

- [University of Maryland, College Park](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-maryland-college-park/) — University, College Park, United States · 132 works · 25,380 citations

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## Cite

Cite as: Ming Li, Nan Zhang, Chenrui Fan, Hong Jiao, Yanbin Fu, Sydney Peters, Qingshu Xu, Robert Lissitz and Tianyi Zhou. 2025. Understanding the Thinking Process of Reasoning Models: A Perspective from Schoenfeld's Episode Theory. Proceedings of the 2025 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{li2025understanding,
  title = {{Understanding the Thinking Process of Reasoning Models: A Perspective from Schoenfeld's Episode Theory}},
  author = {Ming Li, Nan Zhang, Chenrui Fan, Hong Jiao, Yanbin Fu, Sydney Peters, Qingshu Xu, Robert Lissitz and Tianyi Zhou},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2025 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing},
  year = {2025},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/2025.emnlp-main.922},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.emnlp-main.922}
}
```

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*Updated 30 October 2026*