---
title: "Predicting gender and age categories in English conversations"
description: "The paper tests whether the social categories attached to speakers (binary gender, and very young… 26 references, cited by 1 paper here."
authors: ["Andreas Liesenfeld", "Gábor Parti", "Yuyin Hsu", "Chu-Ren Huang"]
year: 2020
venue: "Proceedings of the 34th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/2020.paclic-1.19/"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/liesenfeld-2020-predicting-gender-age-categories-english/"
---
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# Predicting gender and age categories in English conversations using lexical, non-lexical, and turn-taking features

**Authors:** Andreas Liesenfeld, Gábor Parti, Yuyin Hsu and [Chu-Ren Huang](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/chu-ren-huang/) · **Year:** 2020 · **Venue:** [Proceedings of the 34th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/paclic/) ([PACLIC 2020](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/paclic/2020/)) · **Publisher:** [Association for Computational Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/publishers/association-for-computational-linguistics/) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2020.paclic-1.19/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2020.paclic-1.19.pdf) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W3134141507)

**Citations:** 1 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14) · 1 in our library, of the 149,439 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
The paper tests whether the social categories attached to speakers (binary gender, and very young versus very old age) can be guessed from how they talk in everyday conversation. The authors draw two subcorpora from the Spoken BNC2014, a collection of about 11.4 million words of informal British English. Using Scaled F-score and Scattertext plots, they first compare which words and phrases each group favours. They then compare non-lexical material that dialog datasets usually discard: minimal particles sorted into five rough form-function classes, laughter, pauses, overlaps and truncated words. Finally, they train a logistic regression classifier on these features, labelling either a speaker within a conversation or a single turn. When the non-lexical cues are added to lexical ones, speaker-level gender accuracy climbs to about 81% and age accuracy to 92%. Turn-level prediction gains much less. The central lesson is that noisy, disfluent transcripts still hold useful signal, and that tokens such as "mhm" or "erm" should be kept rather than cleaned away. The authors also warn at length about the biases built into binary social labels.

## Key points
- Data: Spoken BNC2014 (recorded 2012–2016, mostly 2–4 speakers). The gender subcorpus covers 365 female and 305 male speakers. The age subcorpus covers 56 speakers over 69 and 49 speakers aged 18 or under; middle-aged speakers were left out on purpose to sharpen the contrast.
- Corpus statistics: female speakers contribute more turns and slightly longer ones (about 9.4 words per turn versus about 9.0). Male turns show a higher type-token ratio.
- Group tendencies:
  - Male talk favours "eh", "uh", "em", "innit" and "ain't".
  - Female talk favours "mhm", "hm", "huh" and "my God".
  - Young speakers laugh, overlap and swear more.
  - Old speakers produce more truncated words, more turn-management fillers ("er", "erm", "um") and more "oh".
- Minimal particles are grouped by form into five functions: positive responses/continuers, turn stalling, turn management, repair initiators ("hm?") and change-of-state tokens ("oh").
- Logistic regression results against a 50% balanced baseline:

| Level | Task | Lexical only | Lexical + non-lexical |
|---|---|---|---|
| Per conversation | Gender | 70.95% | 80.71% |
| Per conversation | Age | 89.50% | 92.00% |
| Per turn (90/10 split) | Gender | 62.39% | 63.57% |
| Per turn (90/10 split) | Age | 67.33% | 67.74% |

## Interesting ideas
- When a corpus has no functional labels for interjections, group them by surface form (nasal vs. vocalic, rising pitch) into a few broad functions; this is a cheap first approximation that can be refined later.
- Keep disfluency and transcription markers (truncation, pauses, overlaps, laughter) as first-class tokens instead of stripping them, since the paper shows they carry measurable information.
- Weak per-item evidence becomes strong once it is pooled over many turns by the same speaker; short turns alone rarely contain anything biased toward a label.
- Balance class sizes, drop speakers with too little talk, and report against an explicit 50% baseline, so that accuracy gains are not artifacts of corpus imbalance.
- Use a frequency-aware distinctiveness score (Scaled F-score) to find items characteristic of one subcorpus while keeping rare terms visible.

## For Mova

How these ideas could serve Mova, our small open language model — its files, stages and tests:

- **I1** (frames): prag could map "mhm", "hm?", "oh", "erm" to coarse speech-act tags (backchannel, repair request, realization, floor-holding) so that dialog turns get an explainable act label instead of being skipped.
- **I2** (tokens): the en tokenizer could emit typed tokens for fillers and transcription tags, so that later stages can either use them or explicitly ignore them.
- **I3** (world): attributes of a speaker entity, such as stance or politeness, could be inferred by accumulating cues across all of that entity's utterances, recording the provenance of each cue.
- **I4** (learn): evaluations of discourse-level classifiers should use equal-sized classes and a chance-level control alongside the real score.
- **I5** (learn): the same contrast could surface lemmas or constructions over-represented in sentences where a parser or reader fails, pointing to candidates for repair rules.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

## Institutions

- [Hong Kong Polytechnic University](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/hong-kong-polytechnic-university/) — University, Hong Kong, China · 84 works · 4,956 citations

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🧭 Topics (1): [English](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/english/) · 2,263 works

## Cite

Cite as: Andreas Liesenfeld, Gábor Parti, Yuyin Hsu and Chu-Ren Huang. 2020. Predicting gender and age categories in English conversations using lexical, non-lexical, and turn-taking features. Proceedings of the 34th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{liesenfeld2020predicting,
  title = {{Predicting gender and age categories in English conversations using lexical, non-lexical, and turn-taking features}},
  author = {Andreas Liesenfeld, Gábor Parti, Yuyin Hsu and Chu-Ren Huang},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 34th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation},
  year = {2020},
  url = {https://aclanthology.org/2020.paclic-1.19/}
}
```

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*Updated 1 November 2026*