---
title: "Modeling Relation Paths for Representation Learning of Knowledge Bases — Lin 2015"
description: "This paper introduces PTransE, which also learns from multi-step relation paths. 32 references, cited by 63 papers here."
authors: ["Yankai Lin", "Zhiyuan Liu", "Huanbo Luan", "Maosong Sun", "Siwei Rao", "Song Liu"]
year: 2015
venue: "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/D15-1082/"
doi: "10.18653/v1/d15-1082"
licence: "CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/lin-2015-modeling-relation-paths-representation-learning/"
---
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# Modeling Relation Paths for Representation Learning of Knowledge Bases

**Authors:** [Yankai Lin](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/yankai-lin/), [Zhiyuan Liu](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/zhiyuan-liu/), [Huanbo Luan](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/huanbo-luan/), [Maosong Sun](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/maosong-sun/), Siwei Rao and Song Liu · **Year:** 2015 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/D15-1082/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/D15-1082.pdf) · [DOI 10.18653/v1/d15-1082](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d15-1082) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W1426956448)

**Citations:** 632 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14) · [63](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/lin-2015-modeling-relation-paths-representation-learning/cited-by/) in our library, of the 140,884 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
Knowledge bases such as Freebase are large but far from complete. Translation-based embedding models like TransE learn vectors for entities and relations, but they only look at direct links between two entities. This paper introduces PTransE, which also learns from multi-step relation paths. A path such as BornInCity → CityInState → StateInCountry hints at Nationality, so PTransE treats the whole path as a translation between head and tail. Two problems are addressed. First, many paths are noisy, so a path-constraint resource allocation (PCRA) algorithm scores how reliable each path is for a given entity pair. Second, a path needs its own vector, so it is built by composing relation embeddings with addition, multiplication or an RNN. The model is trained with margin-based losses and SGD on datasets built from Freebase. Its evaluation spans three tasks (predicting missing entities, predicting missing relations, and extracting relations from textual data), and on each of them it consistently outperforms TransE and other baselines. The work shows that graph structure beyond single edges can make embeddings more useful for completing KBs.

## Key points
- PTransE extends TransE (h + r ≈ t). Its energy adds a reliability-weighted, normalized sum of path energies to the usual direct-triple energy.
- PCRA scores a path by sending one unit of "resource" from the head entity along the path. At each step the resource is split evenly among successors, and whatever reaches the tail becomes the path's reliability.
- Three path composition operators are compared: ADD (sum of relation vectors), MUL (element-wise cumulative product) and RNN (c_i = f(W[c_{i-1}; r_i])).
- The path energy is ||p − r||, which compares the composed path directly with the direct relation, without entity vectors. Training uses margin losses with negative sampling, SGD and norm constraints on embeddings.
- Evaluation uses three Freebase-based tasks: predicting missing entities, predicting missing relations, and pulling relations out of textual data. Code is released at github.com/mrlyk423/relation_extraction.

## Interesting ideas
- **Flow-based reliability scoring for paths:** sending a unit of mass along typed edges and measuring what reaches the target is a cheap, training-free way to discount ambiguous, high-fan-out paths. The same trick could filter noisy multi-hop connections in any typed graph, such as trade-partner or geographic adjacency networks.
- **Path energy without entities:** once direct triples have pushed r toward t − h, the paper compares the composed path vector with r alone. Comparing composed structure to a single target vector this way could carry over to other compositional settings where the endpoint representations are noisy.
- **Pluggable composition operators:** testing ADD, MUL and RNN side by side gives a clean ablation of how much composition complexity is actually needed. It is a useful template when deciding how to represent sequences of relations or morphemes.
- **Multi-path evidence for inference:** the Forrest Gump → English example shows that several independent paths pointing to the same relation strengthen a prediction. This suggests aggregating path evidence as a simple confidence signal when proposing new KB facts.
- **Honest scope limits:** the authors note that unary implications such as Queen(e) ⇒ Female(e) are out of reach and point to first-order logic as a next step. This is a reminder to check which inference pattern types an embedding model can express before relying on it.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Natural language processing](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/nlp/)

Topics: [🕸️ Knowledge graphs & ontologies](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/knowledge-graphs/)

## Institutions

- [Tsinghua University](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/tsinghua-university/) — University, Beijing, China · 92 works · 77,045 citations
- [State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Technology and Systems](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/labs/state-key-laboratory-of-intelligent-technology-and-systems/) — Research institute, Beijing · 14 works · 8,004 citations
- [Samsung](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/companies/samsung-south-korea/) — Company, Seoul, South Korea · 2 works · 1,050 citations

Also on the byline: [Samsung (China)](https://ror.org/04yt00889).

## Cite

Cite as: Yankai Lin, Zhiyuan Liu, Huanbo Luan, Maosong Sun, Siwei Rao and Song Liu. 2015. Modeling Relation Paths for Representation Learning of Knowledge Bases. Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{lin2015modeling,
  title = {{Modeling Relation Paths for Representation Learning of Knowledge Bases}},
  author = {Yankai Lin, Zhiyuan Liu, Huanbo Luan, Maosong Sun, Siwei Rao and Song Liu},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing},
  year = {2015},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/d15-1082},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d15-1082}
}
```

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## References

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