---
title: "Toward Abstractive Summarization Using Semantic — Liu 2015"
description: "The paper investigates whether abstractive summarization can work by manipulating meaning representations instead of copying or compressing source…"
authors: ["Fei Liu", "Jeffrey Flanigan", "Sam Thomson", "Norman Sadeh", "Noah A. Smith"]
year: 2015
venue: "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/N15-1114/"
doi: "10.3115/v1/n15-1114"
licence: "CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/liu-2015-abstractive-summarization-semantic-representations/"
---
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# Toward Abstractive Summarization Using Semantic Representations

**Authors:** [Fei Liu](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/fei-liu/), [Jeffrey Flanigan](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/jeffrey-flanigan/), [Sam Thomson](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/sam-thomson/), Norman Sadeh, [Noah A. Smith](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/noah-a-smith/) · **Year:** 2015 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/N15-1114/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/N15-1114.pdf) · [DOI 10.3115/v1/n15-1114](https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/n15-1114) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W655477013)

**Citations:** 229 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · [108](#cited-by) in our library, of the 140884 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
The paper investigates whether abstractive summarization can work by manipulating meaning representations instead of copying or compressing source sentences. The authors propose a three-stage pipeline. First, each sentence is parsed into an Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) graph. Next, these graphs are condensed into one summary graph. Finally, text is produced from that graph. The work concentrates on the middle, graph-to-graph stage.

Sentence graphs are combined into a single connected source graph. Identical concepts are merged, flat named-entity and date fragments are collapsed, and a dummy ROOT node is attached. Edges can optionally be added through expansion. A trainable structured-prediction model then chooses a subgraph of nodes and edges, and the authors compare perceptron, hinge, and ramp loss for learning it.

Experiments use the proxy-report section of the AMR Bank, which supplies gold AMR annotations for both news articles and their summaries. Systems are tested with gold annotations and with JAMR parses. Because no full generator exists yet, a bag of words is read off the summary graph and scored with ROUGE-1.

Ramp loss gives clear gains, and the results suggest that better AMR parsing would improve summaries. This makes the study an early proof of concept for semantics-driven summarization.

## Key points
- **Resources:** AMR Bank contains 20,341 expert-annotated sentences. JAMR scores 63% smatch F-score on the test data.
- **Dataset:** The proxy-report split has 298 train, 35 dev and 33 test documents. Source graphs average about 144 nodes and 221 edges, and expansion grows the edge count roughly 15-fold, to 3,292.
- **Coverage:** On test, source graphs cover 63.0% of labeled and 64.7% of unlabeled gold summary edges. Expansion raises coverage to 75.0% at sentence level and 83.3% at document level.
- **Learning:** Ramp loss brings substantial gains. Cost-aware hinge loss adds little over perceptron. With JAMR input, ramp loss reaches 51.5% node and 20.0% edge F1 without expansion, and 50.7% and 19.0% with it.
- **Oracle:** Oracle ROUGE-1 F1 is 65.8% with gold parses and 57.8% with JAMR parses.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Natural language processing](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/nlp/)

## Cited by

Cited by

108 papers of our library cite it (of the 140884 whose bibliographies we read); 10 of them have a page here, 98 not yet.

- [Graph Pre-training for AMR Parsing and Generation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/bai-2022-graph-pre-training-amr-parsing/)
- [Concept-Map-Based Multi-Document Summarization using Concept Coreference Resolution and Global Importance Optimization](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/falke-2017-concept-map-based-multi-document/)
- [Neural AMR: Sequence-to-Sequence Models for Parsing and Generation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/konstas-2017-neural-amr-sequence-sequence-models/)
- [Abstract Meaning Representation for Multi-Document Summarization](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/liao-2018-abstract-meaning-representation-multi-document/)
- [Survey of Abstract Meaning Representation: Then, Now, Future](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/mansouri-2025-survey-abstract-meaning-representation-then/)
- [DocAMR: Multi-Sentence AMR Representation and Evaluation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/naseem-2022-docamr-multi-sentence-amr-representation/)
- [Multi-Reward Reinforced Summarization with Saliency and Entailment](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/pasunuru-2018-multi-reward-reinforced-summarization-saliency/)
- [AMR-To-Text Generation with Graph Transformer](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/wang-2020-amr-text-generation-graph-transformer/)
- [Assessing the Cross-linguistic Utility of Abstract Meaning Representation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/wein-2024-assessing-cross-linguistic-utility-abstract/)
- [AMR Parsing with an Incremental Joint Model](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zhou-2016-amr-parsing-incremental-joint-model/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{liu2015toward,
  title = {{Toward Abstractive Summarization Using Semantic Representations}},
  author = {Liu, Fei and Flanigan, Jeffrey and Thomson, Sam and Sadeh, Norman and Smith, Noah A.},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies},
  year = {2015},
  doi = {10.3115/v1/n15-1114},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/n15-1114}
}
```

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## References

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