---
title: "Guiding Computational Stance Detection with — Liu 2023"
description: "Target-aware stance detection classifies whether a text's author supports, opposes, or is neutral toward a given target."
authors: ["Zhengyuan Liu", "Yong Keong Yap", "Hai Leong Chieu", "Nancy Chen"]
year: 2023
venue: "Proceedings of the 61st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/2023.acl-long.220/"
doi: "10.18653/v1/2023.acl-long.220"
arxiv: "2305.19845"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/liu-2023-guiding-computational-stance-detection-expanded/"
---
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# Guiding Computational Stance Detection with Expanded Stance Triangle Framework

**Authors:** [Zhengyuan Liu](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/zhengyuan-liu/), Yong Keong Yap, [Hai Leong Chieu](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/hai-leong-chieu/), [Nancy Chen](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/nancy-chen/) · **Year:** 2023 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the 61st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2023.acl-long.220/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2023.acl-long.220.pdf) · [DOI 10.18653/v1/2023.acl-long.220](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.acl-long.220) · [arXiv 2305.19845](https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.19845) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W4385570260)

**Citations:** 8 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · 9 in our library, of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary

Target-aware stance detection classifies whether a text's author supports, opposes, or is neutral toward a given target. It is hard because social media posts often refer to targets only indirectly. Models trained on small, single-domain corpora also tend to latch onto surface cues, such as sentiment words, and largely ignore the target itself. The authors approach this from linguistics. They take Du Bois's "stance triangle" (subject, object, other subjects, linked by evaluation, positioning, and alignment) and extend it to model how explicitly mentioned objects relate to implicit targets. The extension describes two inference paths a human reader might follow. Using this framework, they add new annotations to one existing training corpus. Each tweet gets extra targets that are not mentioned in the text, labelled according to how their stance aligns with the explicit object. Models trained on the enriched data generalize significantly better to out-of-domain and cross-target evaluation. This suggests that linguistically motivated data enrichment pushes models toward more domain-invariant features.

## Key points

- The extended framework annotates each tweet with an explicit object and its stance. It then adds implicit targets marked with a label alignment value: 1 (same stance), -1 (opposite stance), or 0 (unrelated, labelled None).
- Two stancetaking inference paths are outlined, with worked examples. These include tweets that express stance through quotations, such as a Bible verse or a Mother Teresa quote.
- A motivating failure case is a baseline that predicts Favor even for an irrelevant target ("CD Disk"). This shows that strong models can ignore the specified target.
- The enrichment was evaluated with several models: an LSTM attention-based target-specific model, BERTweet, and the de-biasing Product-of-Expert (PoE) method. Most metrics improved substantially.
- Limitations: all data are English, and applying the approach to other languages would require new data or multilingual backbones. The enriched corpora are restricted to academic use.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/linguistics/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{liu2023guiding,
  title = {{Guiding Computational Stance Detection with Expanded Stance Triangle Framework}},
  author = {Liu, Zhengyuan and Yap, Yong Keong and Chieu, Hai Leong and Chen, Nancy},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 61st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)},
  year = {2023},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/2023.acl-long.220},
  eprint = {2305.19845},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.acl-long.220}
}
```

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42. Environment Details GPU Model Library Version Computational Cost Single Tesla A100 with 40 GB memory; CUDA version 10.1. Pytorch==1.8.1; Transformers==4.8.2. Average 1.5 hours training time for one round. Average 3 rounds for each reported result (calculating the mean of the result scores). Stance C… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Environment+Details+GPU+Model+Library+Version+Computational+Cost+Single+Tesla+A100+with+40+GB+memory%3B+CUDA+version+10%2E1%2E+Pytorch%3D%3D1%2E8%2E1%3B+Transformers%3D%3D4%2E8%2E2%2E+Average+1%2E5+hours+training+time+for+one+ro)