---
title: "Inflectional Variation in the Old English Participle. A"
description: "The paper asks whether the loss of adjectival endings on the English participle, a change usually placed in Middle English, had… 59 references."
authors: ["Ana Elvira Ojanguren López"]
year: 2018
venue: "Journal of English Studies 16"
source: "https://publicaciones.unirioja.es/ojs/index.php/jes/article/view/3434"
doi: "10.18172/jes.3434"
licence: "CC BY (journal licence per DOAJ; Journal of English Studies)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/lopez-2018-inflectional-variation-old-english-participle/"
---
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# Inflectional Variation in the Old English Participle. A Corpus-based Analysis

**Authors:** [Ana Elvira Ojanguren López](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/ana-elvira-ojanguren-lopez/) · **Year:** 2018 · **Venue:** [Journal of English Studies 16](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/the-journal-of-english-studies/) ([The Journal of English Studies 2018](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/the-journal-of-english-studies/2018/)) · **Publisher:** [University of La Rioja](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/publishers/university-of-la-rioja/) · **Licence:** [CC BY (journal licence per DOAJ; Journal of English Studies)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://doi.org/10.18172/jes.3434) · [PDF](https://publicaciones.unirioja.es/ojs/index.php/jes/article/download/3434/3194) · [DOI 10.18172/jes.3434](https://doi.org/10.18172/jes.3434) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2802973145)

**Citations:** 0 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14)

## Summary
The paper asks whether the loss of adjectival endings on the English participle, a change usually placed in Middle English, had already begun in Old English. It starts from the principle that synchronic variation signals diachronic change. The author uses two resources: the York Corpus of Old English (YCOE) and the Dictionary of Old English Corpus (DOEC). Participle inflection is cross-classified by text type (prose vs. verse), tense (present vs. past participle), verb class (strong vs. weak), case, and syntactic function (noun modifier vs. form after a copulative verb).

Adjectival marking turns out to be far from uniform. It is nearly universal when the participle works as an adjective. It is much rarer when the participle works as a verb, especially for the past participle, which looks like the point where deflexion began. Poetry also shows more loss than prose.

This matters because Old English is often described as fully inflected. The data instead suggest that the long period of variation described by Lass already starts in Old English, at least in morphology.

## Key points
- The dataset holds 27,657 participles (21,882 past participles): 26,426 come from prose and 1,231 from poetry. Of these, 23,589 have verbal function and 4,068 have adjectival function.
- Adjectival inflection appears on 95.1% of participles in adjectival function but on only 38.3% of those in verbal function.
- In verbal function, marked present participles outnumber unmarked ones roughly two to one. Marked past participles are fewer than half the unmarked ones, which points to the past participle as the origin of deflexion.
- Among case-distinctive endings in the DOEC strong-verb data, -ne (accusative, 328) and -um (dative, 295) are frequent. -es (genitive, 90) and -u (nominative, 26) are rare, which suggests that some cases erode faster than others.
- Planned future work includes:
  - adding non-canonical endings and spelling variants;
  - resolving ambiguous case readings from context;
  - testing whether variation tracks particular texts or authors.

## Interesting ideas
- Treating the rate of variation at one point in time as a measurable signal of a change in progress turns fuzzy instability into a number you can track.
- The study cross-tabulates surface marking (inflected or not) against syntactic role (modifier vs. post-copular) rather than assuming that form predicts function. This exposes where form and function come apart.
- Running the same question over two differently built corpora (YCOE and DOEC) and checking that both point to the same origin gives a cheap robustness test for a conclusion.
- The author admits that some endings are ambiguous for case and must be resolved from the surrounding phrase, which keeps uncertain items from being silently miscounted.

## For Mova

How these ideas could serve Mova, our small open language model — its files, stages and tests:

- **I1** (learn): disagreement rates among witness parsers per construction could flag unstable annotation zones that need teacher review or repair rules.
- **I2** (tree): English -ed participles after a copula could be split into adjectival and verbal-passive readings using the governing context, choosing between amod/ADJ and passive analyses explicitly.
- **I3** (learn): evaluation claims could be confirmed on two independent treebanks or text sources before a model or rule change is accepted.
- **I4** (tokens): the morphology layer could keep ambiguous feature sets open and resolve them only when the syntactic context is decisive, logging which cue settled each one.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

## Institutions

- [Universidad de La Rioja](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/universidad-de-la-rioja/) — University, Logroño, Spain · 13 works · 74 citations

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## Cite

Cite as: Ana Elvira Ojanguren López. 2018. Inflectional Variation in the Old English Participle. A Corpus-based Analysis. Journal of English Studies 16.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@article{lopez2018inflectional,
  title = {{Inflectional Variation in the Old English Participle. A Corpus-based Analysis}},
  author = {Ana Elvira Ojanguren López},
  journal = {Journal of English Studies 16},
  year = {2018},
  doi = {10.18172/jes.3434},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18172/jes.3434}
}
```

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*Updated 24 October 2026*