---
title: "AGrail — paper by Luo et al. (2025) — summary and ideas"
description: "The authors also release Safe-OS, a benchmark of real online OS-agent interactions that mixes… 59 references, cited by 11 papers here."
authors: ["Weidi Luo", "Shenghong Dai", "Xiaogeng Liu", "Suman Banerjee", "Huan Sun", "Muhao Chen", "Chaowei Xiao"]
year: 2025
venue: "Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/2025.acl-long.399/"
doi: "10.18653/v1/2025.acl-long.399"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/luo-2025-agrail-lifelong-agent-guardrail-effective/"
---
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# AGrail: A Lifelong Agent Guardrail with Effective and Adaptive Safety Detection

**Authors:** [Weidi Luo](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/weidi-luo/), Shenghong Dai, [Xiaogeng Liu](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/xiaogeng-liu/), [Suman Banerjee](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/suman-banerjee/), [Huan Sun](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/huan-sun/), [Muhao Chen](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/muhao-chen/) and [Chaowei Xiao](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/chaowei-xiao/) · **Year:** 2025 · **Venue:** [Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/acl/) ([ACL 2025](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/acl/2025/)) · **Publisher:** [Association for Computational Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/publishers/association-for-computational-linguistics/) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2025.acl-long.399/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2025.acl-long.399.pdf) · [DOI 10.18653/v1/2025.acl-long.399](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.acl-long.399) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W4412945557)

**Citations:** 9 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14) · [11](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/luo-2025-agrail-lifelong-agent-guardrail-effective/cited-by/) in our library, of the 149,439 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
LLM-based agents that run shell commands, browse websites or query databases can cause harm in two ways. Task-specific risks break rules that an administrator sets for a given job, such as access restrictions on medical records. Systemic risks threaten confidentiality, integrity or availability, for example through prompt injection or accidental file overwrites. Earlier guardrails such as GuardAgent and Conseca either depend on hand-written trusted contexts or produce policies that block too much or too little.

AGrail is a lifelong guardrail that addresses both problems. It derives safety checks from universal safety criteria and any task-specific requests. Two cooperating LLMs then refine these checks during test-time adaptation (TTA), and the checks that prove effective are kept in memory. External tools can be called when a check needs them. The authors also release Safe-OS, a benchmark of real online OS-agent interactions that mixes attacks with benign tasks.

With Claude-3.5-Sonnet as the base model, AGrail detects risks accurately while rarely blocking legitimate actions. It also carries its learned checks across domains, which makes agents both safer and still usable.

## Key points
- Evaluation covers five benchmarks:
  - **Task-specific risks:** Mind2Web-SC and EICU-AC.
  - **Systemic risks:** AdvWeb, EIA and the new Safe-OS benchmark.
  - **Safe-OS design:** three attack scenarios (prompt injection, system sabotage and environment-dependent attacks) plus benign samples to measure overdefensiveness.
- With Claude-3.5-Sonnet, AGrail reaches:
  - 96.3% average accuracy on task-specific risks;
  - 96% of benign actions preserved;
  - attack success rate on Safe-OS of 3.8% (environment), 5% (sabotage) and 0% (prompt injection);
  - 0% attack success rate on AdvWeb and about 17% on EIA.
- In agreement with manually annotated ground-truth risk reasons, AGrail beats baselines by 46.2% on average and reaches 100% on OS prompt injection.
- Memory learned on Mind2Web-SC transferred to EICU-AC without any loss for Claude-3.5-Sonnet and with a 5.6% drop for GPT-4o.
- Stronger base models are largely insensitive to data order (F1 99.1 ±1.3 for Claude vs. 69.7 ±9.5 for GPT-4o-mini). Learned memories across random seeds converge to over 98% similarity after about four TTA iterations.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

## Institutions

- [The Ohio State University](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/the-ohio-state-university/) — University, Columbus, United States · 90 works · 19,112 citations
- [University of Wisconsin–Madison](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-wisconsin-madison/) — University, Madison, United States · 54 works · 49,089 citations
- [University of California, Davis](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-california-davis/) — University, Davis, United States · 34 works · 42,940 citations

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## Cite

Cite as: Weidi Luo, Shenghong Dai, Xiaogeng Liu, Suman Banerjee, Huan Sun, Muhao Chen and Chaowei Xiao. 2025. AGrail: A Lifelong Agent Guardrail with Effective and Adaptive Safety Detection. Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers).

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{luo2025agrail,
  title = {{AGrail: A Lifelong Agent Guardrail with Effective and Adaptive Safety Detection}},
  author = {Weidi Luo, Shenghong Dai, Xiaogeng Liu, Suman Banerjee, Huan Sun, Muhao Chen and Chaowei Xiao},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)},
  year = {2025},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/2025.acl-long.399},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.acl-long.399}
}
```

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55. SUMMARY OF THE APPENDIX This appendix contains additional details for the “AGrail: A Lifelong AI Agent Guardrail with Effective and Adaptive Safety Detection”. The appendix is organized as follows: • §A Data Construction – A.1 Implement Details – A.2 Dataset Details – A.3 More Examples Huaixiu Steve… — [Take a Step Back: Evoking Reasoning via Abstraction in Large Language Models](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zheng-2023-take-step-back-evoking-reasoning/)
56. §B Methodology – B.1 Algorithm Details – B.2 Application Details – B.3 Prompt Configuration Shuyan Zhou, Frank F. Xu, Hao Zhu, Xuhui Zhou, Robert Lo, Abishek Sridhar, Xianyi Cheng, Tianyue Ou, Yonatan Bisk, Daniel Fried, Uri Alon, and Graham Neubig. 2024. [Webarena: A realistic web environment for bu…](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zhou-2023-webarena-realistic-web-environment-building/)
57. §C Preliminary Study – C.1 Experiment Setting Details – C.2 Evaluation Metric Details Andrew Zhu, Lara Martin, Andrew Head, and Chris Callison-Burch. 2023a. Calypso: Llms as dungeon master’s assistants. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainme… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%C2%A7C+Preliminary+Study+%E2%80%93+C%2E1+Experiment+Setting+Details+%E2%80%93+C%2E2+Evaluation+Metric+Details+Andrew+Zhu%2C+Lara+Martin%2C+Andrew+Head%2C+and+Chris+Callison%2DBurch%2E+2023a%2E+Calypso%3A+Llms+as+dungeon+master%E2%80%99s+assistant)
58. §D Ablation Study – D.1 OOD and ID Analysis Details – D.2 Sequence Analysis Details – D.3 Domain Transferability Analysis – D.4 Universal Safety Criteria Analysis Xizhou Zhu, Yuntao Chen, Hao Tian, Chenxin Tao, Weijie Su, Chenyu Yang, Gao Huang, Bin Li, Lewei Lu, Xiaogang Wang, Yu Qiao, Zhaoxiang Zh… — [Ghost in the Minecraft: Generally Capable Agents for Open-World Environments via Large Language Models with Text-based Knowledge and Memory](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zhu-2023-ghost-minecraft-generally-capable-agents/)
59. §E Case Study – E.1 Error Analysis – E.2 Computing Cost – E.3 Experiment with Observation – E.4 Learning Analysis • §F Tool Development – F.1 OS Environment Detector – F.2 EHR Permission Detector – F.3 Web HTML Detector • §G More Examples Demo – G.1 Mind2Web-SC – G.2 EICU-AC – G.3 Safe-OS – G.4 AdvW… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%C2%A7E+Case+Study+%E2%80%93+E%2E1+Error+Analysis+%E2%80%93+E%2E2+Computing+Cost+%E2%80%93+E%2E3+Experiment+with+Observation+%E2%80%93+E%2E4+Learning+Analysis+%E2%80%A2+%C2%A7F+Tool+Development+%E2%80%93+F%2E1+OS+Environment+Detector+%E2%80%93+F%2E2+EHR+Permission+Detector+%E2%80%93+F%2E)

*Updated 2 November 2026*