---
title: "Rumor Detection on Twitter with Tree-structured — Ma 2018"
description: "The paper addresses automatic rumor detection on Twitter."
authors: ["Jing Ma", "Wei Gao", "Kam-Fai Wong"]
year: 2018
venue: "Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/P18-1184/"
doi: "10.18653/v1/p18-1184"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ma-2018-rumor-detection-twitter-tree-structured/"
---
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# Rumor Detection on Twitter with Tree-structured Recursive Neural Networks

**Authors:** [Jing Ma](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/jing-ma/), [Wei Gao](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/wei-gao/), [Kam-Fai Wong](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/kam-fai-wong/) · **Year:** 2018 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/P18-1184/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/P18-1184.pdf) · [DOI 10.18653/v1/p18-1184](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p18-1184) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2798787718)

**Citations:** 634 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · [72](#cited-by) in our library, of the 140884 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
The paper addresses automatic rumor detection on Twitter. Each claim is a source tweet together with its replies and reposts, and the task is to assign it one of four labels: non-rumor, false rumor, true rumor or unverified rumor. Earlier methods had two main weaknesses. Some treated responses as a flat time series. Others compared propagation trees with kernels, which requires pairwise tree comparison and cannot learn abstract features.

The authors instead feed the propagation tree directly into recursive neural networks (RvNN), where each node is a whole post rather than a word. They design two variants:
- **BU-RvNN** aggregates evidence from the leaves up to the source tweet.
- **TD-RvNN** follows the direction in which information spreads, from the root down, and then pools over the leaf representations.

The underlying intuition is that a reply mainly reacts to its immediate parent. Patterns such as agreeing with someone who denies a false claim therefore carry veracity signals. On two public datasets, Twitter15 and Twitter16, both models clearly outperform feature-engineering, kernel-based and sequential neural baselines. They also reach good accuracy much earlier in propagation, which supports timely debunking.

## Key points
- Data: the public Twitter15 and Twitter16 corpora, with four-way labels (non-rumor, false, true, unverified rumor).
- Baselines include SVM-TK (tree kernel), SVM-HK (hybrid kernel), SVM-BOW and the sequential GRU-RNN. SVM-TK is the strongest of these, and SVM-BOW even beats SVM-HK.
- TD-RvNN performs better than BU-RvNN. The authors attribute this to less information loss and to the pooling over leaf nodes.
- Early detection: both RvNN models match SVM-TK's best performance after roughly 8 hours or about 90 tweets. SVM-TK, by contrast, only reaches that level once some 36 hours have passed or roughly 300 posts have accumulated.
- Weakness: the models are less effective on the non-rumor class than some feature-based baselines that also use user metadata. Code is released at github.com/majingCUHK/Rumor_RvNN.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Natural language processing](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/nlp/)

## Cited by

Cited by

72 papers of our library cite it (of the 140884 whose bibliographies we read); 3 of them have a page here, 69 not yet.

- [SemEval-2019 Task 7: RumourEval, Determining Rumour Veracity and Support for Rumours](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/gorrell-2019-semeval-2019-task-7-rumoureval/)
- [A Survey on Automated Fact-Checking](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/guo-2022-survey-automated-fact-checking/)
- [Detecting Stance of Authorities towards Rumors in Arabic Tweets: A Preliminary Study](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/haouari-2023-detecting-stance-authorities-towards-rumors/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{ma2018rumor,
  title = {{Rumor Detection on Twitter with Tree-structured Recursive Neural Networks}},
  author = {Ma, Jing and Gao, Wei and Wong, Kam-Fai},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)},
  year = {2018},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/p18-1184},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p18-1184}
}
```

- [← previous Rule- and Learning-based Methods for Bridging Resolution in the ARRAU Corpus](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/roesiger-2018-rule-learning-based-methods-bridging/)
- [next → RUSE: Regressor Using Sentence Embeddings for Automatic Machine Translation Evaluation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/shimanaka-2018-ruse-regressor-sentence-embeddings-automatic/)
- [↑ back to papers of 2018](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/2018/page/3/)

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