---
title: "Challenges of language technologies for the indigenous"
description: "They first describe typological traits that make standard NLP pipelines struggle: polysynthetic and… 94 references, cited by 59 papers here."
authors: ["Manuel Mager", "Ximena Gutierrez-Vasques", "Gerardo Sierra", "Ivan Meza-Ruiz"]
year: 2018
venue: "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/C18-1006/"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/mager-2018-challenges-language-technologies-indigenous-languages/"
---
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# Challenges of language technologies for the indigenous languages of the Americas

**Authors:** [Manuel Mager](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/manuel-mager/), [Ximena Gutierrez-Vasques](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/ximena-gutierrez-vasques/), Gerardo Sierra and Ivan Meza-Ruiz · **Year:** 2018 · **Venue:** [Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/coling/) ([COLING 2018](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/coling/2018/)) · **Publisher:** [Association for Computational Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/publishers/association-for-computational-linguistics/) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/C18-1006/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/C18-1006.pdf) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2807710978)

**Citations:** 64 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14) · [59](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/mager-2018-challenges-language-technologies-indigenous-languages/cited-by/) in our library, of the 141,840 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
The Americas have roughly 900 indigenous languages spoken by about 28 million people. Many are endangered, yet language technology has largely ignored them. Mager and colleagues address this gap with a survey rather than a new system. They first describe typological traits that make standard NLP pipelines struggle: polysynthetic and agglutinative morphology, tonal contrasts, strong dialectal variation and missing spelling standards. They then catalogue the digital corpora, dictionaries, speech data and tools they could find. A task-by-task review of published work follows, covering machine translation, morphological analysis and segmentation, POS tagging, parsing, spell checking, OCR and language identification. They found NLP work on only about 35 languages. It concentrates on North American languages, the Uto-Aztecan family and the largest South American languages, with morphology and MT dominating and activity rising markedly after 2013. The authors argue that subword-aware, low-resource methods look most promising. Progress would test how general NLP models really are and could benefit speaker communities. The paper comes with a continuously updated public list of resources.

## Key points
- Scale of diversity: about 140 language families exist worldwide, and close to 40% of them are native to the Americas. The authors identified NLP contributions for only ~35 of the continent's languages.
- Parallel corpora are scarce and often built from non-digital sources. Examples include Axolotl (Spanish–Nahuatl, with dialectal, diachronic and orthographic variation), a downloadable Wixarika–Spanish corpus of Andersen tales, and a Spanish–Shipibo-konibo corpus. Shipibo-konibo also has a POS-tagged corpus and an online dictionary.
- Morphological datasets include:
  - CoNLL-SIGMORPHON 2017, which covers Haida (7,040 words), Navajo (12,000) and Quechua (12,000).
  - An Oto-Manguean inflectional class database with over 13,000 verb entries from twenty languages.
  - The Kann et al. (2018) segmentation set of 4,468 words from Mexicanero, Nahuatl, Wixarika and Yorem Nokki.
- Other resources and tasks:
  - A Guarani speech corpus of 1,000 phrases from 110 speakers (not publicly released).
  - Monolingual corpora for 16 Peruvian languages, plus language identification across 17 languages that tolerates non-standard spelling.
  - Parsing experiments using the Quechua-Spanish Treebank.
- The paper includes a Nahuatl version of its title and abstract. Its resource list is maintained at github.com/pywirrarika/naki.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

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## Cite

Cite as: Manuel Mager, Ximena Gutierrez-Vasques, Gerardo Sierra and Ivan Meza-Ruiz. 2018. Challenges of language technologies for the indigenous languages of the Americas. Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{mager2018challenges,
  title = {{Challenges of language technologies for the indigenous languages of the Americas}},
  author = {Manuel Mager, Ximena Gutierrez-Vasques, Gerardo Sierra and Ivan Meza-Ruiz},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics},
  year = {2018},
  url = {https://aclanthology.org/C18-1006/}
}
```

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*Updated 24 October 2026*