---
title: "Document Context Neural Machine Translation — Maruf 2018"
description: "Most neural MT systems translate each sentence in isolation."
authors: ["Sameen Maruf", "Gholamreza Haffari"]
year: 2018
venue: "Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/P18-1118/"
doi: "10.18653/v1/p18-1118"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/maruf-2018-document-context-neural-machine-translation/"
---
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# Document Context Neural Machine Translation with Memory Networks

**Authors:** [Sameen Maruf](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/sameen-maruf/), [Gholamreza Haffari](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/gholamreza-haffari/) · **Year:** 2018 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/P18-1118/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/P18-1118.pdf) · [DOI 10.18653/v1/p18-1118](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p18-1118) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2767786195)

**Citations:** 156 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · [80](#cited-by) in our library, of the 140884 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
Most neural MT systems translate each sentence in isolation. This ignores discourse phenomena such as pronoun reference and consistent word choice, which can depend on context far beyond the neighbouring sentences. Maruf and Haffari treat document translation as structured prediction. Their factor graph links each target sentence to its own source, the rest of the source document, and the other translations. Because the full likelihood is intractable, they train with pseudo-likelihood. At inference, a block coordinate descent procedure starts from sentence-level translations and refines each sentence while the others stay fixed. The architecture adds two external memory networks to an attentional encoder-decoder (Bahdanau et al.):
- a source memory built by a hierarchical sentence/document bidirectional RNN;
- a target memory made of the final decoder states of the current translations.

The memory contexts are injected either into the decoder hidden state or into the output layer. On French, German and Estonian into English, the model makes effective use of both source and target context. It statistically significantly beats prior context-aware NMT in BLEU and METEOR, showing that global document context, including target-side context, helps neural MT.

## Key points
- The model was evaluated on three language pairs: Fr→En, De→En and Et→En. Baselines were a sentence-based NMT system (S-NMT) and the context model of Wang et al. (2017).
- Two integration variants were explored, Memory-to-Context and Memory-to-Output. Each was tested with only the source memory, only the target memory, or both ("dual").
- To fit within GPU memory, the sentence-level bidirectional RNN of the source memory is pre-trained with a language-modelling objective. The document-level RNN is trained end-to-end.
- In a manual consistency check on five Et→En test documents (about 70 sentences), the model translated 22 of 32 repeated words consistently. The sentence-based model managed 16.
- On 20 words or phrases mistranslated by the baseline, the model corrected 85%, while introducing about 10% new errors.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Natural language processing](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/nlp/)

Topics: [Machine translation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/machine-translation/)

## Cited by

Cited by

80 papers of our library cite it (of the 140884 whose bibliographies we read); 4 of them have a page here, 76 not yet.

- [文档级神经机器翻译综述](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/lv-2024-document-level-neural/)
- [Selective Attention for Context-aware Neural Machine Translation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/maruf-2019-selective-attention-context-aware-neural/)
- [Document-Level Neural Machine Translation with Hierarchical Attention Networks](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/miculicich-2018-document-level-neural-machine-translation/)
- [When a Good Translation is Wrong in Context: Context-Aware Machine Translation Improves on Deixis, Ellipsis, and Lexical Cohesion](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/voita-2019-when-good-translation-is-wrong/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{maruf2018document,
  title = {{Document Context Neural Machine Translation with Memory Networks}},
  author = {Maruf, Sameen and Haffari, Gholamreza},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)},
  year = {2018},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/p18-1118},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p18-1118}
}
```

- [← previous Dissecting Contextual Word Embeddings: Architecture and Representation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/peters-2018-dissecting-contextual-word-embeddings-architecture/)
- [next → Document-Level Neural Machine Translation with Hierarchical Attention Networks](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/miculicich-2018-document-level-neural-machine-translation/)
- [↑ back to papers of 2018](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/2018/page/2/)

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