---
title: "Copy Suppression — paper by McDougall et al. (2023)"
description: "The paper addresses a long-standing difficulty in mechanistic interpretability. 33 references, cited by 23 papers here."
authors: ["Callum McDougall", "Arthur Conmy", "Cody Rushing", "Thomas McGrath", "Neel Nanda"]
year: 2023
venue: "arXiv:2310.04625"
source: "https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.04625"
doi: "10.48550/arxiv.2310.04625"
arxiv: "2310.04625"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (arXiv)"
licence_url: "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/mcdougall-2023-copy-suppression-comprehensively-understanding-attention/"
---
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# Copy Suppression: Comprehensively Understanding an Attention Head

**Authors:** Callum McDougall, [Arthur Conmy](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/arthur-conmy/), Cody Rushing, [Thomas McGrath](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/thomas-mcgrath/) and [Neel Nanda](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/neel-nanda/) · **Year:** 2023 · **Venue:** arXiv:2310.04625 · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (arXiv)](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.04625) · [PDF](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2310.04625) · [DOI 10.48550/arxiv.2310.04625](https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2310.04625) · [arXiv 2310.04625](https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.04625) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W4387559252)

**Citations:** 2 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14) · [23](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/mcdougall-2023-copy-suppression-comprehensively-understanding-attention/cited-by/) in our library, of the 149,439 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
The paper addresses a long-standing difficulty in mechanistic interpretability. Explanations of model components usually hold only on narrow tasks, and "Negative Heads" that push against the right answer have puzzled earlier studies. The authors fully reverse-engineer one such head, L10H7 in GPT-2 Small, across its whole training distribution, using OpenWebText. Their account is called copy suppression. Earlier layers predict a token that already appeared in the context. The head detects this, attends back to that earlier occurrence, and lowers its logit, which improves calibration. The evidence comes from several directions: behavioral sampling, path-based ablations, weights-based analysis of the OV and QK circuits (using MLP0(W_E) as an effective embedding), and a custom ablation called CSPA. CSPA keeps only the copy-suppression mechanism and still retains most of the head's effect. The work also links copy suppression to self-repair, where downstream parts compensate after a component is ablated. This matters because negative and backup components distort ablation-based importance estimates.

## Key points
- Among high-impact OpenWebText completions (the top 5%, which carry half of the head's loss reduction), about 80% matched the three-step copy-suppression criteria.
- Most of L10H7's effect on loss runs through its direct path to the final logits.
- Weights-based circuit analysis supports the mechanism:
  - **OV circuit:** for 84.70% of vocabulary tokens, the head's own token falls among the 10 most suppressed outputs. For 98.86% of tokens, it falls in the bottom 5%.
  - **QK circuit:** the head attends to the currently predicted token for 95.72% of the vocabulary.
- CSPA, the copy suppression-preserving ablation, retains 76.9% of L10H7's behavior, measured by KL divergence.
- In the IOI task, copy suppression accounts for 39% of self-repair. Interactive demos are available at copy-suppression.streamlit.app.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

## Institutions

- [The University of Texas at Austin](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/the-university-of-texas-at-austin/) — University, Austin, United States · 126 works · 58,144 citations
- [Google DeepMind](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/companies/google-deepmind/) — Company, London, United Kingdom · 82 works · 84,829 citations

📚 Shelves (4): [🖥️ Computer Science](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/computer-science/) · 19,503 works · [🤖 Artificial Intelligence](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/) · 18,805 works · [🎭 Arts and Humanities](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/arts-and-humanities/) · 17,959 works · [🗣️ Language and Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/arts-and-humanities/language-and-linguistics/) · 17,789 works

## Cite

Cite as: Callum McDougall, Arthur Conmy, Cody Rushing, Thomas McGrath and Neel Nanda. 2023. Copy Suppression: Comprehensively Understanding an Attention Head. arXiv:2310.04625.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@misc{mcdougall2023copy,
  title = {{Copy Suppression: Comprehensively Understanding an Attention Head}},
  author = {Callum McDougall, Arthur Conmy, Cody Rushing, Thomas McGrath and Neel Nanda},
  year = {2023},
  doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2310.04625},
  eprint = {2310.04625},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2310.04625}
}
```

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## References

33 references, 12 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

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*Updated 3 November 2026*