---
title: "I be not now he that ye of speken — paper by Merino (1998)"
description: "Eugenio Olivares asks whether the French code of fin'amors, the refined love ethic of Provençal and Champenois courts, was… 51 references."
authors: ["Eugenio Manuel Olivares Merino"]
year: 1998
venue: "SELIM 8"
source: "https://reunido.uniovi.es/index.php/SELIM/article/view/13534"
doi: "10.17811/selim.8.1998.117-146"
licence: "CC BY-NC-ND (journal licence per DOAJ; SELIM)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/merino-2019-i-now-he-that-ye/"
---
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# I be not now he that ye of speken: Middle English Romances and the Conventions of Fin'amors

**Authors:** Eugenio Manuel Olivares Merino · **Year:** 1998 · **Venue:** [SELIM 8](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/selim-journal-of-the-spanish-society-for-medieval-english-language-and/) ([SELIM Journal of the Spanish Society for Medieval English Language and Literature 1998](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/selim-journal-of-the-spanish-society-for-medieval-english-language-and/1998/)) · **Publisher:** [University of Oviedo](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/publishers/university-of-oviedo/) · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC-ND (journal licence per DOAJ; SELIM)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://doi.org/10.17811/selim.8.1998.117-146) · [PDF](https://reunido.uniovi.es/index.php/SELIM/article/download/13534/12252) · [DOI 10.17811/selim.8.1998.117-146](https://doi.org/10.17811/selim.8.1998.117-146) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W6944208708)

**Citations:** 0 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14)

## Summary
Eugenio Olivares asks whether the French code of fin'amors, the refined love ethic of Provençal and Champenois courts, was ever fully adopted in Middle English romance. Some critics, including Valency, Gist, Burnley and Reuters, have doubted it. The paper starts by defining the code. It follows G. Paris, who coined "amor courtois", and C. S. Lewis, who reduced the code to four marks: humility, courtesy, adultery and a religion of love. The author prefers the troubadours' own term, fin'amors, to "courtly love".

He then sets out the historical conditions that should have favoured the code in England. These centre on Eleanor of Aquitaine: her marriage to Henry II, her patronage of poets, and the visits of major French writers. The available text stops before the close readings of individual romances. Its stated thesis is that, despite this promising start, English romances reflected the French conventions only partially and never in full. The study matters because it treats a cultural code as something that can travel across borders and lose features on the way.

## Key points
- The central treatise is Andreas Capellanus' De arte honeste amandi (c. 1184–86). Following Parry (1941), the author notes it apparently had no medieval English translation, although it was rendered into French twice in the 13th century.
- The reference definition is Lewis's four-part scheme (1936), which builds on Paris's 1883 analysis of Chrétien's Lancelot. The lady is idealised, usually married and unattainable, and the lover is subordinate to her.
- Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122–1204) is presented as the key channel for the code. She married Henry Plantagenet in 1152 and held court at Poitiers in 1170–74.
- Works and poets linked to her circle:
  - Thomas of Britain's Tristan. Loomis thinks it was written for Henry, but the author argues from its content that it was meant for Eleanor.
  - Wace's Roman de Brut (1155).
  - Benoît de Sainte-Maure's Roman de Troie (c. 1165, roughly 30,000 octosyllabic couplets).
  - Bernard de Ventadour, who visited England around 1152–55.
- The paper appears in SELIM 8. Its printed header reads 1998, pp. 117–146.

## Interesting ideas
- The paper defines a genre code as a short checklist of features and then asks whether a text meets all of them or only some. This makes "fully courtly" a testable claim rather than a vague impression.
- The author chooses the period's native term (fin'amors) over a later scholarly label, arguing that the original community never used the latter.
- He weighs a scholar's external attribution (Thomas wrote for Henry) against internal textual evidence (the work favours passion). Each claim is tagged with its evidential basis.
- The missing English translation of Capellanus is used as evidence, but cautiously, as support for a view rather than proof.
- The paper models transmission as a chain of people and places (patron, court, poets, works). A cultural code is expected to arrive only through such links.

## For Mova

How these ideas could serve Mova, our small open language model — its files, stages and tests:

- **I1** (frames): a frame such as "courtly wooing" or "fable moral" could be stored as a set of required features. The system would then report partial matches and name the missing elements, instead of giving a yes/no label.
- **I2** (world): ontology entries could keep the source-culture name alongside modern labels, with a note on who coined each term. Explanations then stay faithful to the original texts.
- **I3** (world): knowledge-graph facts could carry their evidence type, either external testimony or textual inference. Conflicting claims then remain visible and can be explained.
- **I4** (learn): this is a useful reminder when designing negative controls. An absent signal should only lower confidence in a hypothesis, not refute it.
- **I5** (world): influence or provenance could be represented as explicit typed edges between entities, such as patron_of, dedicated_to and visited. Answers about why an idea appears somewhere could then be traced step by step.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

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## Cite

Cite as: Eugenio Manuel Olivares Merino. 1998. I be not now he that ye of speken: Middle English Romances and the Conventions of Fin'amors. SELIM 8.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{merino1998i,
  title = {{I be not now he that ye of speken: Middle English Romances and the Conventions of Fin'amors}},
  author = {Eugenio Manuel Olivares Merino},
  booktitle = {SELIM 8},
  year = {1998},
  doi = {10.17811/selim.8.1998.117-146},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.17811/selim.8.1998.117-146}
}
```

- [← previous Compound Nouns in the Old English Period: Ælfric's Lives of Saints. Functional and Pragmatic Approaches](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/moneva-2019-compound-nouns-old-english-period/)
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- [↑ back to papers of 1998](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/1998/)

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*Updated 24 October 2026*