---
title: "Arabic Dialect Identification for Travel and Twitter Text (2019)"
description: "This paper describes the IIIT Hyderabad entry to the MADAR Shared Task on… 67.5% accuracy. 18 references, cited by 8 papers here."
authors: ["Pruthwik Mishra", "Vandan Mujadia"]
year: 2019
venue: "Proceedings of the Fourth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/W19-4628/"
doi: "10.18653/v1/w19-4628"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/mishra-2019-arabic-dialect-identification-travel-twitter/"
---
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# Arabic Dialect Identification for Travel and Twitter Text

**Authors:** [Pruthwik Mishra](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/pruthwik-mishra/) and [Vandan Mujadia](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/vandan-mujadia/) · **Year:** 2019 · **Venue:** [Proceedings of the Fourth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/wanlp/) ([WANLP 2019](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/wanlp/2019/)) · **Publisher:** [Association for Computational Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/publishers/association-for-computational-linguistics/) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/W19-4628/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/W19-4628.pdf) · [DOI 10.18653/v1/w19-4628](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w19-4628) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2971054893)

**Citations:** 18 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14) · [8](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/mishra-2019-arabic-dialect-identification-travel-twitter/cited-by/) in our library, of the 149,439 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
This paper describes the IIIT Hyderabad entry to the MADAR Shared Task on fine-grained Arabic dialect identification at WANLP 2019. There were two subtasks. The first was to label travel-domain sentences with one of 26 city-level dialects (MADAR-Corpus-26). The second was to infer a Twitter user's country from that user's tweets. The authors built on the Salameh and Bouamor (2018) feature set. It combines word and character n-gram TF-IDF vectors with scores from per-dialect word and character 5-gram language models trained on MADAR-Corpus-26 and MADAR-Corpus-6. They fed these features to several scikit-learn classifiers (Linear SVM, Multinomial Naive Bayes, Logistic Regression) and to a small Keras MLP. For Twitter, they classified each tweet on its own and then gave each user the country predicted most often across their tweets. On the dev set, all classical models scored about 67.5% accuracy on subtask1 and slightly beat the MLP. Test accuracy was 66.31% for subtask1 and 67.20% for subtask2. The work shows that well-engineered sparse features remain competitive with neural models when labelled data is limited.

## Key points
- **Data:**
  - Subtask1 uses MADAR-Corpus-26: 1600 training and 200 dev sentences per dialect (41,600 / 5,200 / 5,200 for train/dev/test).
  - Subtask2 covers 2,180 / 300 / 500 users and roughly 218k / 30k / 50k tweets.
- **Features and preprocessing:**
  - Word unigrams combined with character 2–5-grams worked better than either kind of n-gram alone.
  - Per-class LM scores (word and char 5-gram, summed) came from 6 and 26 separate LMs.
  - Tokenization was plain whitespace splitting.
- **What mattered most:**
  - The LM scores were the strongest contributor in subtask1.
  - TF-IDF and the coarse Corpus-6 probabilities added little on top.
  - Logistic Regression and mNB did poorly on subtask2, so only SVM results are reported for it.
- **Test results:**
  - Subtask1 (mNB): F1 66.21, accuracy 66.31.
  - Subtask2 (SVM): precision 83.37, recall 47.73, F1 57.90, accuracy 67.20.
- **Main error source in subtask2:** 5,992 test tweets were unavailable. They were all labelled "Saudi Arabia", the most frequent training country, which the authors name as the main reason for the low recall.

## Interesting ideas
- Train one small language model per class and use each model's score as a dense feature next to sparse n-grams; this gave the biggest gain here and is cheap and easy to inspect.
- Decide a label for a whole entity (a user) by majority vote over its many short items (tweets), instead of classifying all of the entity's text at once.
- Route inputs that lack a key feature (tweets with no Arabic, hence no dialect probabilities) to a separate classifier trained without that feature, rather than imputing values.
- Before deleting "noise" such as handles and URLs, measure the effect; here removing them reduced accuracy, so the authors kept the raw tweets.
- A default label based on the class prior quietly caused most of the recall loss, which shows how one fallback rule can dominate an evaluation.

## For Mova

How these ideas could serve Mova, our small open language model — its files, stages and tests:

- **I1** (tokens): Per-variety character/word LMs (e.g. British vs. American, tweets vs. formal prose) could produce an explainable register/dialect score for the tokenizer and tagger before they pick normalization rules.
- **I2** (world): Attributes of an entity in a text's world (origin, stance, role) could be gathered as a vote over per-mention evidence, so the final value can be traced back to the mentions that support it.
- **I3** (learn): When a witness parser or a knowledge source is missing for a sentence, a fallback model trained on the reduced feature set avoids silent garbage values in silver-data agreement.
- **I4** (tokens): Cleaning rules for web text should be ablated, not assumed, because tokens that look like junk can carry signal for downstream tagging.
- **I5** (learn): Evaluations should report how many items reach default or fallback paths and score those items separately, as a kind of negative control.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

## Institutions

- [International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/international-institute-of-information-technology-hyderabad/) — University, Hyderabad, India · 42 works · 2,317 citations

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🧭 Topics (1): [Semitic languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/semitic-languages/) · 3,066 works

## Cite

Cite as: Pruthwik Mishra and Vandan Mujadia. 2019. Arabic Dialect Identification for Travel and Twitter Text. Proceedings of the Fourth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{mishra2019arabic,
  title = {{Arabic Dialect Identification for Travel and Twitter Text}},
  author = {Pruthwik Mishra and Vandan Mujadia},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fourth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop},
  year = {2019},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/w19-4628},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w19-4628}
}
```

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- [↑ back to papers of 2019](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/2019/page/7/)

## References

18 references, 11 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

1. Muhammad Abdul-Mageed, Hassan Alhuzali, and Mohamed Elaraby. 2018. [You tweet what you speak: A city-level dataset of arabic dialects](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/mageed-2018-you-tweet-what-you-speak/). In Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC-2018).
2. Manar Alkhatib, May El Barachi, and Khaled Shaalan. 2019. An arabic social media based framework for incidents and events monitoring in smart cities. Journal of Cleaner Production, 220:771–785. [↗](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.02.063)
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11. Andrei M Butnaru and Radu Tudor Ionescu. 2018. [Unibuckernel reloaded: First place in arabic dialect identification for the second year in a row](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/butnaru-2018-unibuckernel-reloaded-first-place-arabic/). arXiv preprint arXiv:1805.04876. [↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.04876)
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*Updated 1 November 2026*