---
title: "Describing Complex Charts in Natural Language: A Caption"
description: "Automatic graphics systems can produce novel charts that combine many data attributes. 49 references, cited by 21 papers here."
authors: ["Vibhu O. Mittal", "Johanna D. Moore", "Giuseppe Carenini", "Steven Roth"]
year: 1998
venue: "Computational Linguistics"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/J98-3004/"
licence: "CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/mittal-1998-describing-complex-charts-natural-language/"
---
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# Describing Complex Charts in Natural Language: A Caption Generation System

**Authors:** [Vibhu O. Mittal](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/vibhu-mittal/), [Johanna D. Moore](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/johanna-d-moore/), [Giuseppe Carenini](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/giuseppe-carenini/) and Steven Roth · **Year:** 1998 · **Venue:** [Computational Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/cl/) ([Computational Linguistics 1998](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/cl/1998/)) · **Publisher:** [The MIT Press](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/publishers/the-mit-press/) · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/J98-3004/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/J98-3004.pdf) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W1485106551)

**Citations:** 88 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14) · [21](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/mittal-1998-describing-complex-charts-natural-language/cited-by/) in our library, of the 149,439 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
Automatic graphics systems can produce novel charts that combine many data attributes. Such charts are often hard to read without an explanation, so these systems either stick to familiar chart types or risk confusing users. Mittal, Moore, Carenini and Roth address this by building a system that writes explanatory natural-language captions for graphics designed by SAGE, an automatic presentation system.

The pipeline has three stages:
- **Content planning:** the LONGBOW discourse planner selects and organizes caption content, using caption-specific plan operators. These draw on a model of the graphic's structure, its mapping to the underlying data, a measure of how perceptually complex each graphical element is, and the structure of the data itself.
- **Microplanning:** separate modules handle clause ordering (with a new centering-based method for ordering within clauses), aggregation and referring expressions.
- **Realization:** FUF/SURGE produces the English text.

The system covers 2-D charts and maps, illustrated with Pittsburgh housing-sales data. Apart from the lexicon, it is domain-independent and needs no rich semantic model of the domain. This makes it easy to port to new domains, though odd phrasings can appear when the database schema differs from how people normally talk about the data.

## Key points
- The architecture links SAGE to a generation chain of the LONGBOW text planner, a microplanner and the FUF/SURGE realizer. The authors deliberately chose the simplest adequate technique for each subtask.
- The system needs three knowledge sources: graphical syntax (relations among graphical objects), graphical semantics (how data attributes map to visual properties), and a complexity mechanism that decides which elements need explaining.
- The motivating example is a SAGE re-creation of Minard's 1861 chart of Napoleon's 1812 march, which encodes seven variables.
- Porting the system to a new domain requires only a lexicon of new terms. Captions are built from SAGE's data characterization plus a minimal lexical representation.
- The system has two main limitations:
  - It cannot coordinate captions with graphical keys or annotations, because its speech-act language allows no two-way exchange with SAGE.
  - It explains how a graphic encodes data, not which data matter for the user's task; the authors name that as future work.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

## Institutions

- [Carnegie Mellon University](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/carnegie-mellon-university/) — University, Pittsburgh, United States · 598 works · 191,226 citations
- [University of Pittsburgh](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-pittsburgh/) — University, Pittsburgh, United States · 65 works · 23,401 citations

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## Cite

Cite as: Vibhu O. Mittal, Johanna D. Moore, Giuseppe Carenini and Steven Roth. 1998. Describing Complex Charts in Natural Language: A Caption Generation System. Computational Linguistics.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@article{mittal1998describing,
  title = {{Describing Complex Charts in Natural Language: A Caption Generation System}},
  author = {Vibhu O. Mittal, Johanna D. Moore, Giuseppe Carenini and Steven Roth},
  journal = {Computational Linguistics},
  year = {1998},
  url = {https://aclanthology.org/J98-3004/}
}
```

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49 references, 3 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

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*Updated 30 October 2026*