---
title: "Towards Exploiting Background Knowledge for — Moghe 2018"
description: "Most large dialog corpora contain only utterance–response sequences, with no explicit link to the knowledge people draw on when they talk."
authors: ["Nikita Moghe", "Siddhartha Arora", "Suman Banerjee", "Mitesh M. Khapra"]
year: 2018
venue: "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/D18-1255/"
doi: "10.18653/v1/d18-1255"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/moghe-2018-exploiting-background-knowledge-building-conversation/"
---
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# Towards Exploiting Background Knowledge for Building Conversation Systems

**Authors:** [Nikita Moghe](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/nikita-moghe/), Siddhartha Arora, Suman Banerjee, [Mitesh M. Khapra](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/mitesh-m-khapra/) · **Year:** 2018 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/D18-1255/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/D18-1255.pdf) · [DOI 10.18653/v1/d18-1255](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d18-1255) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2891103209)

**Citations:** 157 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · [81](#cited-by) in our library, of the 140884 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
Most large dialog corpora contain only utterance–response sequences, with no explicit link to the knowledge people draw on when they talk. As a result, conversation is usually modeled as plain sequence-to-sequence generation, which often yields generic or off-topic replies. The authors address this by building a crowdsourced movie-chat dataset, released as Holl-E. Workers discussed a film while consulting unstructured and semi-structured material: plots, IMDb reviews, user comments and fact tables. Every second utterance had to reuse a background fragment, either copied directly or lightly edited, and the source span is recorded for each response.

The authors compare three baseline families on this dataset:
* **HRED**, a hierarchical seq2seq model that ignores the background.
* **GTTP**, a copy-and-generate model.
* **BiDAF**, a QA-style model that predicts a response span.

Span prediction gives the best automatic scores. However, human judges found the extracted spans less natural than the copy-generate output. Background knowledge helps only when the model can focus on the relevant part of it. The dataset matters because it frames dialog as knowledge-grounded and offers a benchmark for models that could transfer to domains such as troubleshooting or e-commerce.

## Key points
- **Dataset size:** about 9K conversations and 90K utterances covering 921 movies from 22 genres. Each response is annotated with its exact source span, and the test set includes multiple reference responses.
- **Automatic scores (single-reference BLEU):** HRED reached 5.23 and GTTP (oracle resource) 13.92. GTTP with the long mixed background dropped to 7.51, close to HRED. BiDAF reached 28.85 (oracle) and 32.95 (mixed-short).
- **Span F1 versus QA:** BiDAF obtained F1 of 39.69 to 51.35 on this dataset, far below its 81.52 on SQuAD. It also could not be run on the long mixed resources because of memory and compute costs.
- **Human evaluation:** HRED received the lowest specificity rating (2.06), reflecting generic replies. GTTP (oracle) was rated more human-like (4.10) than either BiDAF variant.
- **Copying behavior and references:** GTTP copied about 82% (oracle) and 72% (mixed-long) of output tokens, often from irrelevant spans. Scoring against multiple references raised all metrics.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Natural language processing](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/nlp/)

## Cited by

Cited by

81 papers of our library cite it (of the 140884 whose bibliographies we read); 5 of them have a page here, 76 not yet.

- [Building Common Ground in Dialogue: A Survey](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/anikina-2025-building-common-ground-dialogue-survey/)
- [Taskmaster-1: Toward a Realistic and Diverse Dialog Dataset](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/byrne-2019-taskmaster-1-realistic-diverse-dialog/)
- [ProsocialDialog: A Prosocial Backbone for Conversational Agents](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/kim-2022-prosocialdialog-prosocial-backbone-conversational-agents/)
- [Can You Put it All Together: Evaluating Conversational Agents' Ability to Blend Skills](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/smith-2020-can-you-put-it-all/)
- [Knowledge-Enriched Transformer for Emotion Detection in Textual Conversations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zhong-2019-knowledge-enriched-transformer-emotion-detection/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{moghe2018exploiting,
  title = {{Towards Exploiting Background Knowledge for Building Conversation Systems}},
  author = {Moghe, Nikita and Arora, Siddhartha and Banerjee, Suman and Khapra, Mitesh M.},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing},
  year = {2018},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/d18-1255},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d18-1255}
}
```

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- [↑ back to papers of 2018](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/2018/page/4/)

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