---
title: "Entity Linking meets Word Sense Disambiguation — Moro 2014"
description: "The paper unifies two related lexical disambiguation tasks: Entity Linking (EL), as well as Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD)."
authors: ["Andrea Moro", "Alessandro Raganato", "Roberto Navigli"]
year: 2014
source: "https://aclanthology.org/Q14-1019/"
doi: "10.1162/tacl_a_00179"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology, TACL)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/moro-2014-entity-linking-meets-word-sense/"
---
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# Entity Linking meets Word Sense Disambiguation: a Unified Approach

**Authors:** Andrea Moro, [Alessandro Raganato](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/alessandro-raganato/), [Roberto Navigli](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/roberto-navigli/) · **Year:** 2014 · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology, TACL)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/Q14-1019/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/Q14-1019.pdf) · [DOI 10.1162/tacl\_a\_00179](https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00179)

**Citations:** [188](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/moro-2014-entity-linking-meets-word-sense/cited-by/) in our library, of the 140884 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
The paper unifies two related lexical disambiguation tasks: Entity Linking (EL), as well as Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD). They differ primarily in how a mention corresponds to a meaning. In WSD, the lemma exactly matches one of the senses in a dictionary. In EL, the mention may be partial, for example only a footballer's first name, and must point to an entry in an encyclopedic knowledge base. The authors propose Babelfy, a unified graph-based approach built on the multilingual semantic network BabelNet 1.1.1, which combines Wikipedia and WordNet. The method has three steps. First, a semantic signature is computed once for each vertex of the network: random walk with restart is applied, and edge weights are refined using triangles. Next, candidate meanings are selected by partial matching for all text fragments, including overlapping ones. Finally, a densest-subgraph heuristic retains the most coherent joint interpretation of concepts and named entities. On six gold-standard datasets, including multilingual ones, the system achieves state-of-the-art results in both tasks. This indicates that lexicographic and encyclopedic knowledge reinforce each other. Thus, a single model can address both tasks in any language covered by BabelNet.

## Key points
- On KORE50, partial candidate matching includes the correct entity in 98.6% of cases. Exact string matching yields only 42.4%.
- Ablation on KORE50: without the densest-subgraph heuristic, EL performance drops by 9%, while WSD is almost unaffected. Restricting the graph to entities only (for EL) or concepts only (for WSD) costs 3.4%. Processing individual sentences instead of whole documents also generally degrades performance.
- The densest subgraph is found using a 2-approximation algorithm. BabelNet on its own, even combined with Personalized PageRank (UKB), does not achieve state-of-the-art results.
- The networks are sparse: the average number of incident edges per vertex is roughly 10 for WordNet, 50 for BabelNet, and 80 for YAGO2.
- Evaluation was carried out on, among others, KORE50, SemEval-2007 (task 17 and coarse-grained), and SemEval-2013 task 12 (including Spanish and German). The paper appeared in TACL 2014, and the system is available at babelfy.org.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [AI & machine learning](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/ai/)

Topics: [Named entity recognition](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/named-entity-recognition/) · [Word sense disambiguation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/word-sense-disambiguation/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@misc{moro2014entity,
  title = {{Entity Linking meets Word Sense Disambiguation: a Unified Approach}},
  author = {Moro, Andrea and Raganato, Alessandro and Navigli, Roberto},
  year = {2014},
  doi = {10.1162/tacl\_a\_00179},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00179}
}
```

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