---
title: "Across Cultures, Across Languages. Interconnectivity in the Late"
description: "She proposes that the phrase merges an Akkadian legal notion with a Ugaritic expression for royal will, making it a likely… 62 references."
authors: ["Jana Mynářová"]
year: 2023
venue: "Diacrítica 37"
source: "https://revistas.uminho.pt/index.php/diacritica/article/view/4770"
licence: "CC BY-NC (journal licence per DOAJ; Diacrítica)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/mynarova-2023-across-cultures-across-languages-interconnectivity/"
---
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# Across Cultures, Across Languages. Interconnectivity in the Late Bronze Age Ugarit

**Authors:** Jana Mynářová · **Year:** 2023 · **Venue:** Diacrítica 37 · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC (journal licence per DOAJ; Diacrítica)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://doi.org/10.21814/diacritica.4770) · [PDF](https://revistas.uminho.pt/index.php/diacritica/article/download/4770/6210) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W4390571236)

**Citations:** 0 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14)

## Summary
This is a philological study, not an NLP paper. It asks how cuneiform writing and Akkadian scribal conventions changed as they spread from Mesopotamia to the western periphery, using cultural transfer as the lens. Mynářová argues that peripheral centres were not passive receivers. Imported elements were reshaped locally and blended with native habits. The Amarna letters show this well: the archive spans Mesopotamia to Egypt yet dates to a narrow window, and its Akkadian varies at every linguistic level. Loanwords, especially Egyptian administrative and military terms, and region-specific phrasing reveal where a scribe came from. The case study is an unusual idiom in EA 47, one of the letters sent from Ugarit, roughly "loyalty of my heart." Akkadian sources offer only a remote parallel, so the author compares it with Ugaritic material. She proposes that the phrase merges an Akkadian legal notion with a Ugaritic expression for royal will, making it a likely Ugaritism. The result shows how a shared written lingua franca can still carry local conceptual imprints.

## Key points
- The Amarna archive has close to 400 cuneiform documents, all written within at most 20–25 years. They come from senders across Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Cyprus, the Levant and Egypt.
- The letters from Ugarit form a small group, EA 45–49. The idiom under study sits in EA 47, line 21: [ú-ul ki-]ma ˹ki˺-it UZU ŠÀ-bi-ia.
- Huehnergard read the short form ki-it as most likely a scribal slip. The CAD gives only one other pairing of kittu and libbu, in Esarhaddon's vassal treaties, which are far removed in time and place.
- Ugaritic normally expresses a legal obligation with mṣmt (DUL). However, KTU 7.63: 8 contains "in accordance with the king's heart," meaning the king's decision or wish.
- Egyptian loans such as ṣābē piṭāti (from pḏ.tyw, "archers"/regular troops) also turn up in letters not written in Egypt. Terms for materials and precious goods are better clues to a scribe's origin.

## Interesting ideas
- Text written in a learned lingua franca can be compared against a sample of the writer's native language to expose interference at each level, from words to idioms.
- Loans tied to everyday culture (materials, goods) reveal origin better than widely shared political or military vocabulary, because the latter travels freely.
- An unexplained form gets several competing readings: copying slip, short bound form, or a calque from another language, each weighed rather than silently normalized.
- A dictionary parallel that is far away in time and place is treated as independent coinage, not as a source. Parallels count only when they are close in context.
- The idiom's meaning is modelled as a blend of two sources, binding legal duty plus ruler's will, rather than forced into a single sense.

## For Mova

How these ideas could serve Mova, our small open language model — its files, stages and tests:

- **I1** (tree): Non-native English input could be parsed against reference treebanks of the writer's L1, so that unusual dependency patterns are flagged as transfer rather than errors.
- **I2** (world): When inferring the provenance or dialect of a text, the knowledge layer should weight domain-specific vocabulary over terms that circulate widely.
- **I3** (learn): Repair rules could keep "typo" and "dialectal construction" as rival explainable hypotheses, and accept a fix only when the evidence for one clearly outweighs the other.
- **I4** (frames): Idiom and frame matching from FrameNet or corpus examples should prefer attestations near in genre and period before borrowing their semantic roles.
- **I5** (frames): Speech-act and implicature analysis could allow composite readings, such as an obligation claim combined with an expectation claim, when one frame alone underfits the context.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

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## Cite

Cite as: Jana Mynářová. 2023. Across Cultures, Across Languages. Interconnectivity in the Late Bronze Age Ugarit. Diacrítica 37.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{mynarova2023across,
  title = {{Across Cultures, Across Languages. Interconnectivity in the Late Bronze Age Ugarit}},
  author = {Jana Mynářová},
  booktitle = {Diacrítica 37},
  year = {2023},
  doi = {10.21814/diacritica.4770},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.21814/diacritica.4770}
}
```

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62. [recebido em 31 de janeiro de 2023 e aceite para publicação em 14 de junho de 2023] [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%5Brecebido+em+31+de+janeiro+de+2023+e+aceite+para+publica%C3%A7%C3%A3o+em+14+de+junho+de+2023%5D)

*Updated 24 October 2026*