---
title: "You Never Know a Person, You Only Know Their Defenses:"
description: "Psychological defenses are mostly automatic coping strategies. 36 references, cited by 15 papers here."
authors: ["Hongbin Na", "Zimu Wang", "Zhaoming Chen", "Peilin Zhou", "Yining Hua", "Grace Ziqi Zhou", "Haiyang Zhang", "Tao Shen", "Wei Wang", "John Torous", "Shaoxiong Ji", "Ling Chen"]
year: 2026
venue: "Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2026"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/2026.findings-acl.708/"
doi: "10.18653/v1/2026.findings-acl.708"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/na-2026-you-never-know-person-you/"
---
[Elamur Research](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/na-2026-you-never-know-person-you/)

[home](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [papers](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/) / [2026](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/2026/) / You Never Know a Person, You Only Know Their Defenses: Detecting Levels of Psychological Defense Mechanisms in Supportive Conversations

# You Never Know a Person, You Only Know Their Defenses: Detecting Levels of Psychological Defense Mechanisms in Supportive Conversations

**Authors:** [Hongbin Na](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/hongbin-na/), [Zimu Wang](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/zimu-wang/), [Zhaoming Chen](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/zhaoming-chen/), [Peilin Zhou](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/peilin-zhou/), [Yining Hua](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/yining-hua/), Grace Ziqi Zhou, Haiyang Zhang, [Tao Shen](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/tao-shen/), [Wei Wang](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/wei-wang/), [John Torous](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/john-torous/), [Shaoxiong Ji](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/shaoxiong-ji/) and [Ling Chen](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/ling-chen/) · **Year:** 2026 · **Venue:** [Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2026](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/findings/) ([Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics 2026](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/findings/2026/)) · **Publisher:** [Association for Computational Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/publishers/association-for-computational-linguistics/) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2026.findings-acl.708/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2026.findings-acl.708.pdf) · [DOI 10.18653/v1/2026.findings-acl.708](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.findings-acl.708) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W7166812787)

**Citations:** 0 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14) · [15](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/na-2026-you-never-know-person-you/cited-by/) in our library, of the 149,439 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
Psychological defenses are mostly automatic coping strategies. They shape what help seekers reveal and whether they accept or push back against support. Emotional support dialogue systems do not model them, and no public conversational dataset has been annotated with them. The authors address this gap with PsyDefConv, built on ESConv. It contains 200 dialogues, selected by stratified sampling over problem types and emotions. Each help seeker turn is labeled with one of the seven DMRS defense levels, plus two auxiliary labels: one for turns without defensive content and one for turns whose context is too thin to judge. The authors annotate levels rather than individual mechanisms because short exchanges rarely provide enough evidence for finer distinctions.

To speed up and standardize labeling, they built DMRS Co-Pilot. This four-stage LLM pipeline contextualizes an utterance, screens DMRS items, verifies evidence and returns ranked level suggestions.

Benchmarks of zero-shot and fine-tuned LLMs show the task is far from solved: the best macro F1 is only about 30%, and models over-predict the high-adaptive level. The resource gives a reproducible basis for theory-informed modeling of defenses in dialogue.

## Key points
- **PsyDefConv data and agreement:** the corpus has 4,709 utterances, including 2,336 help seeker turns. Two annotators labeled them independently and blind to each other, reaching Cohen's κ = 0.639, and disagreements were adjudicated into a gold standard.
- **DMRS Co-Pilot evaluation:** in a counterbalanced timing study, it cut average annotation time by 24.0%. Expert ratings on a seven-point scale averaged 4.62 on how well the evidence backed its suggestions, 4.44 on how clinically plausible they were, and 4.40 on insight.
- **Best models:** Gemini 2.5 Pro and DeepSeek-V3.2 led in the zero-shot setting, while Ministral-8B and InternLM3-8B were the strongest after fine-tuning. Turning on thinking mode raised DeepSeek-V3.2's accuracy by roughly 40% and its macro F1 by roughly 62%.
- **Error patterns:** "Needs More Information" was the hardest class, and Llama3.1-8B assigned no samples to it correctly. Action-level and obsessional-level turns were often misread as high-adaptive.
- **Corpus distribution:** mature defenses dominate overall. Shame-related dialogues show more low-level defenses, and anger-related ones show more turns with no defense.
- **Release terms:** annotations, code and prompts are released, but the original dialogues must be obtained separately under the ESConv license. The data is English-only and is not meant for diagnostic use.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

## Institutions

- [Harvard University](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/harvard-university/) — University, Cambridge, United States · 112 works · 42,023 citations
- [The University of Sydney](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/the-university-of-sydney/) — University, Sydney, Australia · 45 works · 68,350 citations
- [New York University Abu Dhabi](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/new-york-university-abu-dhabi/) — University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates · 122 works · 4,602 citations
- [University of Utah](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-utah/) — University, Salt Lake City, United States · 38 works · 5,925 citations
- [University of Technology Sydney](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-technology-sydney/) — University, Sydney, Australia · 18 works · 12,833 citations
- [University of Turku](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-turku/) — University, Turku, Finland · 17 works · 4,890 citations
- [Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/xi-an-jiaotong-liverpool-university/) — University, Suzhou, China · 10 works · 319 citations

📚 Shelves (5): [🖥️ Computer Science](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/computer-science/) · 16,667 works · [🤖 Artificial Intelligence](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/) · 16,194 works · [💭 Psychology](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/psychology/) · 1,552 works · [💭 Experimental and Cognitive Psychology](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/psychology/experimental-and-cognitive-psychology/) · 870 works · [💭 Social Psychology](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/psychology/social-psychology/) · 306 works

## Cite

Cite as: Hongbin Na, Zimu Wang, Zhaoming Chen, Peilin Zhou, Yining Hua, Grace Ziqi Zhou, Haiyang Zhang, Tao Shen, Wei Wang, John Torous, Shaoxiong Ji and Ling Chen. 2026. You Never Know a Person, You Only Know Their Defenses: Detecting Levels of Psychological Defense Mechanisms in Supportive Conversations. Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2026.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{na2026you,
  title = {{You Never Know a Person, You Only Know Their Defenses: Detecting Levels of Psychological Defense Mechanisms in Supportive Conversations}},
  author = {Hongbin Na, Zimu Wang, Zhaoming Chen, Peilin Zhou, Yining Hua, Grace Ziqi Zhou, Haiyang Zhang, Tao Shen, Wei Wang, John Torous, Shaoxiong Ji and Ling Chen},
  booktitle = {Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2026},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/2026.findings-acl.708},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.findings-acl.708}
}
```

- [← previous Unlocking Exploration in RLVR: Uncertainty-aware Advantage Shaping for Deeper Reasoning](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/xie-2026-unlocking-exploration-rlvr-uncertainty-aware/)
- [next → FBS: Modeling Native Parallel Reading inside a Transformer](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/wang-2026-fbs-modeling-native-parallel-reading/)
- [↑ back to papers of 2026](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/2026/)

## References

36 references, 9 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

1. Xin Bai, Guanyi Chen, Tingting He, Chenlian Zhou, and Yu Liu. 2025a. Emotional supporters often use multiple strategies in a single turn. Preprint, arXiv:2505.15316. — [arXiv:2505.15316](https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.15316) [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Xin+Bai%2C+Guanyi+Chen%2C+Tingting+He%2C+Chenlian+Zhou%2C+and+Yu+Liu%2E+2025a%2E+Emotional+supporters+often+use+multiple+strategies+in+a+single+turn%2E+Preprint%2C+arXiv%3A2505%2E15316%2E+%E2%80%94+%5BarXiv%3A2505%2E15316%5D%28https%3A%2F%2Farxiv)
2. Yifan Bai, Yiping Bao, Guanduo Chen, Jiahao Chen, Ningxin Chen, Ruijue Chen, Yanru Chen, Yuankun Chen, Yutian Chen, Zhuofu Chen, Jialei Cui, Hao Ding, Mengnan Dong, Angang Du, Chenzhuang Du, Dikang Du, Yulun Du, Yu Fan, Yichen Feng, and 149 others. 2025b. [Kimi k2: Open agentic intelligence](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/kimi-team-2025-kimi-k2-open-agentic/). Preprint…
3. Mingxiu Cai, Daling Wang, Shi Feng, and Yifei Zhang. 2024a. EmpCRL: Controllable empathetic response generation via in-context commonsense reasoning and reinforcement learning. In Proceedings of the 2024 Joint International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Language Resources and Evaluation (… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Mingxiu+Cai%2C+Daling+Wang%2C+Shi+Feng%2C+and+Yifei+Zhang%2E+2024a%2E+EmpCRL%3A+Controllable+empathetic+response+generation+via+in%2Dcontext+commonsense+reasoning+and+reinforcement+learning%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+2)
4. Zheng Cai, Maosong Cao, Haojiong Chen, Kai Chen, Keyu Chen, Xin Chen, Xun Chen, Zehui Chen, Zhi Chen, Pei Chu, Xiaoyi Dong, Haodong Duan, Qi Fan, Zhaoye Fei, Yang Gao, Jiaye Ge, Chenya Gu, Yuzhe Gu, Tao Gui, and 81 others. 2024b. [Internlm2 technical report](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/cai-2024-internlm2-technical-report/). Preprint, arXiv:2403.17297.
5. Tong Chen, Zimu Wang, Yiyi Miao, Haoran Luo, Yuanfei Sun, Wei Wang, Zhengyong Jiang, Procheta Sen, and Jionglong Su. 2025. MedFact: A large-scale Chinese dataset for evidence-based medical fact-checking of LLM responses. In Proceedings of the 2025 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Tong+Chen%2C+Zimu+Wang%2C+Yiyi+Miao%2C+Haoran+Luo%2C+Yuanfei+Sun%2C+Wei+Wang%2C+Zhengyong+Jiang%2C+Procheta+Sen%2C+and+Jionglong+Su%2E+2025%2E+MedFact%3A+A+large%2Dscale+Chinese+dataset+for+evidence%2Dbased+medical+fact%2Dchecki)
6. Gheorghe Comanici, Eric Bieber, Mike Schaekermann, Ice Pasupat, Noveen Sachdeva, Inderjit Dhillon, Marcel Blistein, Ori Ram, Dan Zhang, Evan Rosen, Luke Marris, Sam Petulla, Colin Gaffney, Asaf Aharoni, Nathan Lintz, Tiago Cardal Pais, Henrik Jacobsson, Idan Szpektor, Nan-Jiang Jiang, and 3290 [other…](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/comanici-2025-gemini-2-5-pushing-frontier/)
7. Mariagrazia Di Giuseppe, Katie Aafjes-van Doorn, Vera Békés, Bernard S Gorman, Karl Stukenberg, and Sherwood Waldron. 2024. Therapists’ defense use impacts their patients’ defensive functioning: a systematic case study. Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process, and Outcome, 27(2):797. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Mariagrazia+Di+Giuseppe%2C+Katie+Aafjes%2Dvan+Doorn%2C+Vera+B%C3%A9k%C3%A9s%2C+Bernard+S+Gorman%2C+Karl+Stukenberg%2C+and+Sherwood+Waldron%2E+2024%2E+Therapists%E2%80%99+defense+use+impacts+their+patients%E2%80%99+defensive+functioning%3A+a+sys)
8. Mariagrazia Di Giuseppe and J. Christopher Perry. 2021. The hierarchy of defense mechanisms: Assessing defensive functioning with the defense mechanisms rating scales q-sort. Frontiers in Psychology, Volume 12 - 2021. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Mariagrazia+Di+Giuseppe+and+J%2E+Christopher+Perry%2E+2021%2E+The+hierarchy+of+defense+mechanisms%3A+Assessing+defensive+functioning+with+the+defense+mechanisms+rating+scales+q%2Dsort%2E+Frontiers+in+Psychology%2C+)
9. Sigmund Freud. 1936. Inhibitions, symptoms and anxiety. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 5(1):1–28. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Sigmund+Freud%2E+1936%2E+Inhibitions%2C+symptoms+and+anxiety%2E+The+Psychoanalytic+Quarterly%2C+5%281%29%3A1%E2%80%9328%2E)
10. Aaron Grattafiori, Abhimanyu Dubey, Abhinav Jauhri, Abhinav Pandey, Abhishek Kadian, Ahmad Al-Dahle, Aiesha Letman, Akhil Mathur, Alan Schelten, Alex Vaughan, Amy Yang, Angela Fan, Anirudh Goyal, Anthony Hartshorn, Aobo Yang, Archi Mitra, Archie Sravankumar, Artem Korenev, Arthur Hinsvark, and 542 o… — [The Llama 3 Herd of Models](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/grattafiori-2024-llama-3-herd-models/)
11. Yining Hua, Hongbin Na, Zehan Li, Fenglin Liu, Xiao Fang, David Clifton, and John Torous. 2025a. A scoping review of large language models for generative tasks in mental health care. npj Digital Medicine, 8(1):230. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Yining+Hua%2C+Hongbin+Na%2C+Zehan+Li%2C+Fenglin+Liu%2C+Xiao+Fang%2C+David+Clifton%2C+and+John+Torous%2E+2025a%2E+A+scoping+review+of+large+language+models+for+generative+tasks+in+mental+health+care%2E+npj+Digital+Medic)
12. Yining Hua, Steve Siddals, Zilin Ma, Isaac Galatzer-Levy, Winna Xia, Christine Hau, Hongbin Na, Matthew Flathers, Jake Linardon, Cyrus Ayubcha, and 1 others. 2025b. Charting the evolution of artificial intelligence mental health chatbots from rule-based systems to large language models: a systematic… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Yining+Hua%2C+Steve+Siddals%2C+Zilin+Ma%2C+Isaac+Galatzer%2DLevy%2C+Winna+Xia%2C+Christine+Hau%2C+Hongbin+Na%2C+Matthew+Flathers%2C+Jake+Linardon%2C+Cyrus+Ayubcha%2C+and+1+others%2E+2025b%2E+Charting+the+evolution+of+artificia)
13. Dongjin Kang, Sunghwan Kim, Taeyoon Kwon, Seungjun Moon, Hyunsouk Cho, Youngjae Yu, Dongha Lee, and Jinyoung Yeo. 2024. Can large language models be good emotional supporter? mitigating preference bias on emotional support conversation. In Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association fo… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Dongjin+Kang%2C+Sunghwan+Kim%2C+Taeyoon+Kwon%2C+Seungjun+Moon%2C+Hyunsouk+Cho%2C+Youngjae+Yu%2C+Dongha+Lee%2C+and+Jinyoung+Yeo%2E+2024%2E+Can+large+language+models+be+good+emotional+supporter%3F+mitigating+preference+bia)
14. Aixin Liu, Bei Feng, Bing Xue, Bingxuan Wang, Bochao Wu, Chengda Lu, Chenggang Zhao, Chengqi Deng, Chenyu Zhang, Chong Ruan, Damai Dai, Daya Guo, Dejian Yang, Deli Chen, Dongjie Ji, Erhang Li, Fangyun Lin, Fucong Dai, Fuli Luo, and 180 others. 2025. Deepseek-v3 technical report. Preprint, arXiv:2412… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Aixin+Liu%2C+Bei+Feng%2C+Bing+Xue%2C+Bingxuan+Wang%2C+Bochao+Wu%2C+Chengda+Lu%2C+Chenggang+Zhao%2C+Chengqi+Deng%2C+Chenyu+Zhang%2C+Chong+Ruan%2C+Damai+Dai%2C+Daya+Guo%2C+Dejian+Yang%2C+Deli+Chen%2C+Dongjie+Ji%2C+Erhang+Li%2C+Fangyun)
15. Siyang Liu, Chujie Zheng, Orianna Demasi, Sahand Sabour, Yu Li, Zhou Yu, Yong Jiang, and Minlie Huang. 2021. [Towards emotional support dialog systems](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/liu-2021-emotional-support-dialog-systems/). In Proceedings of the 59th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 11th International Joint Conference on Natural Lan…
16. Jiayuan Ma, Hongbin Na, Zimu Wang, Yining Hua, Yue Liu, Wei Wang, and Ling Chen. 2025. Detecting conversational mental manipulation with intent-aware prompting. In Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Computational Linguistics, pages 9176–9183, Abu Dhabi, UAE. Association for Computat… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Jiayuan+Ma%2C+Hongbin+Na%2C+Zimu+Wang%2C+Yining+Hua%2C+Yue+Liu%2C+Wei+Wang%2C+and+Ling+Chen%2E+2025%2E+Detecting+conversational+mental+manipulation+with+intent%2Daware+prompting%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+31st+Internationa)
17. Navid Madani and Rohini Srihari. 2025. Steering conversational large language models for long emotional support conversations. In Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Social Influence in Conversations (SICon 2025), pages 109–123, Vienna, Austria. Association for Computational Linguistics. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Navid+Madani+and+Rohini+Srihari%2E+2025%2E+Steering+conversational+large+language+models+for+long+emotional+support+conversations%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+Third+Workshop+on+Social+Influence+in+Conversations)
18. Hongbin Na, Yining Hua, Zimu Wang, Tao Shen, Beibei Yu, Lilin Wang, Wei Wang, John Torous, and Ling Chen. 2025. A survey of large language models in psychotherapy: Current landscape and future directions. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2025, pages 7362–7376, Vienna… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Hongbin+Na%2C+Yining+Hua%2C+Zimu+Wang%2C+Tao+Shen%2C+Beibei+Yu%2C+Lilin+Wang%2C+Wei+Wang%2C+John+Torous%2C+and+Ling+Chen%2E+2025%2E+A+survey+of+large+language+models+in+psychotherapy%3A+Current+landscape+and+future+directi)
19. J Christopher Perry and Melissa Henry. 2004. Studying defense mechanisms in psychotherapy using the defense mechanism rating scales. Advances in psychology, 136:165–192. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=J+Christopher+Perry+and+Melissa+Henry%2E+2004%2E+Studying+defense+mechanisms+in+psychotherapy+using+the+defense+mechanism+rating+scales%2E+Advances+in+psychology%2C+136%3A165%E2%80%93192%2E)
20. J Christopher Perry, Marianne E Kardos, and Christopher J Pagano. 1993. The study of defenses in psychotherapy using the defense mechanism rating scales (dmrs). The concept of defense mechanisms in contemporary psychology: Theoretical, research, and clinical perspectives, pages 122–132. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=J+Christopher+Perry%2C+Marianne+E+Kardos%2C+and+Christopher+J+Pagano%2E+1993%2E+The+study+of+defenses+in+psychotherapy+using+the+defense+mechanism+rating+scales+%28dmrs%29%2E+The+concept+of+defense+mechanisms+in+co)
21. Hope Schroeder, Deb Roy, and Jad Kabbara. 2025. Just put a human in the loop? investigating LLM-assisted annotation for subjective tasks. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2025, pages 25771–25795, Vienna, Austria. Association for Computational Linguistics. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Hope+Schroeder%2C+Deb+Roy%2C+and+Jad+Kabbara%2E+2025%2E+Just+put+a+human+in+the+loop%3F+investigating+LLM%2Dassisted+annotation+for+subjective+tasks%2E+In+Findings+of+the+Association+for+Computational+Linguistics%3A+)
22. Vera Sorin, Dana Brin, Yiftach Barash, Eli Konen, Alexander Charney, Girish Nadkarni, and Eyal Klang. 2024. Large language models and empathy: Systematic review. J Med Internet Res, 26:e52597. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Vera+Sorin%2C+Dana+Brin%2C+Yiftach+Barash%2C+Eli+Konen%2C+Alexander+Charney%2C+Girish+Nadkarni%2C+and+Eyal+Klang%2E+2024%2E+Large+language+models+and+empathy%3A+Systematic+review%2E+J+Med+Internet+Res%2C+26%3Ae52597%2E)
23. Maxim Tkachenko, Mikhail Malyuk, Andrey Holmanyuk, and Nikolai Liubimov. 2020-2025. Label Studio: Data labeling software. Open source software available from [https://github.com/HumanSignal/label-studio](https://github.com/HumanSignal/label-studio). [↗](https://github.com/HumanSignal/label-studio)
24. George E Vaillant. 2012. Adaptation to life. Harvard University Press. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=George+E+Vaillant%2E+2012%2E+Adaptation+to+life%2E+Harvard+University+Press%2E)
25. Xiaozhi Wang, Yulin Chen, Ning Ding, Hao Peng, Zimu Wang, Yankai Lin, Xu Han, Lei Hou, Juanzi Li, Zhiyuan Liu, Peng Li, and Jie Zhou. 2022. [MAVEN-ERE: A unified large-scale dataset for event coreference, temporal, causal, and subevent relation extraction](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/wang-2022-maven-ere-unified-large-scale/). In Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Emp…
26. Yuqi Wang, Zimu Wang, Nijia Han, Wei Wang, Qi Chen, Haiyang Zhang, Yushan Pan, and Anh Nguyen. 2024a. Knowledge distillation from monolingual to multilingual models for intelligent and interpretable multilingual emotion detection. In Proceedings of the 14th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Su… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Yuqi+Wang%2C+Zimu+Wang%2C+Nijia+Han%2C+Wei+Wang%2C+Qi+Chen%2C+Haiyang+Zhang%2C+Yushan+Pan%2C+and+Anh+Nguyen%2E+2024a%2E+Knowledge+distillation+from+monolingual+to+multilingual+models+for+intelligent+and+interpretable+m)
27. Zimu Wang, Hongbin Na, Rena Gao, Jiayuan Ma, Yining Hua, Ling Chen, and Wei Wang. 2025. From posts to timelines: Modeling mental health dynamics from social media timelines with hybrid LLMs. In Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology (CLPsych 2025), page… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Zimu+Wang%2C+Hongbin+Na%2C+Rena+Gao%2C+Jiayuan+Ma%2C+Yining+Hua%2C+Ling+Chen%2C+and+Wei+Wang%2E+2025%2E+From+posts+to+timelines%3A+Modeling+mental+health+dynamics+from+social+media+timelines+with+hybrid+LLMs%2E+In+Procee)
28. Jing Ye, Lu Xiang, Yaping Zhang, and Chengqing Zong. 2025. [SweetieChat: A strategy-enhanced role-playing framework for diverse scenarios handling emotional support agent](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ye-2025-sweetiechat-strategy-enhanced-role-playing/). In Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Computational Linguistics, pages 4646–4669, Abu Dhabi, UAE. Association fo…
29. Aohan Zeng, Bin Xu, Bowen Wang, Chenhui Zhang, Da Yin, Dan Zhang, Diego Rojas, Guanyu Feng, Hanlin Zhao, Hanyu Lai, Hao Yu, Hongning Wang, Jiadai Sun, Jiajie Zhang, Jiale Cheng, Jiayi Gui, Jie Tang, Jing Zhang, Jingyu Sun, and 38 others. 2024. [Chatglm: A family of large language models from glm-130b…](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/glm-2024-chatglm-family-large-language-models/)
30. Tenggan Zhang, Xinjie Zhang, Jinming Zhao, Li Zhou, and Qin Jin. 2024. ESCoT: Towards interpretable emotional support dialogue systems. In Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), pages 13395–13412, Bangkok, Thailand. Associatio… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Tenggan+Zhang%2C+Xinjie+Zhang%2C+Jinming+Zhao%2C+Li+Zhou%2C+and+Qin+Jin%2E+2024%2E+ESCoT%3A+Towards+interpretable+emotional+support+dialogue+systems%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+62nd+Annual+Meeting+of+the+Association+for)
31. Xiangyu Zhao, Yaling Shen, Yiwen Jiang, Zimu Wang, Jiahe Liu, Maxmartwell H Cheng, Guilherme C Oliveira, Robert Desimone, Dominic Dwyer, and Zongyuan Ge. 2025. It hears, it sees too: Multimodal llm for depression detection by integrating visual understanding into audio language models. Preprint, arX… — [arXiv:2511.19877](https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.19877) [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Xiangyu+Zhao%2C+Yaling+Shen%2C+Yiwen+Jiang%2C+Zimu+Wang%2C+Jiahe+Liu%2C+Maxmartwell+H+Cheng%2C+Guilherme+C+Oliveira%2C+Robert+Desimone%2C+Dominic+Dwyer%2C+and+Zongyuan+Ge%2E+2025%2E+It+hears%2C+it+sees+too%3A+Multimodal+llm+fo)
32. Chujie Zheng, Sahand Sabour, Jiaxin Wen, Zheng Zhang, and Minlie Huang. 2023a. AugESC: Dialogue augmentation with large language models for emotional support conversation. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2023, pages 1552–1568, Toronto, Canada. Association for Comput… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Chujie+Zheng%2C+Sahand+Sabour%2C+Jiaxin+Wen%2C+Zheng+Zhang%2C+and+Minlie+Huang%2E+2023a%2E+AugESC%3A+Dialogue+augmentation+with+large+language+models+for+emotional+support+conversation%2E+In+Findings+of+the+Associati)
33. Zhonghua Zheng, Lizi Liao, Yang Deng, and Liqiang Nie. 2023b. Building emotional support chatbots in the era of llms. Preprint, arXiv:2308.11584. — [arXiv:2308.11584](https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.11584) [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Zhonghua+Zheng%2C+Lizi+Liao%2C+Yang+Deng%2C+and+Liqiang+Nie%2E+2023b%2E+Building+emotional+support+chatbots+in+the+era+of+llms%2E+Preprint%2C+arXiv%3A2308%2E11584%2E+%E2%80%94+%5BarXiv%3A2308%2E11584%5D%28https%3A%2F%2Farxiv%2Eorg%2Fabs%2F2308%2E11584%29)
34. Zimu Wang, Lei Xia, Wei Wang, and Xinya Du. 2024b. Document-level causal relation extraction with knowledge-guided binary question answering. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2024, pages 16944–16955, Miami, Florida, USA. Association for Computational Linguistics. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Zimu+Wang%2C+Lei+Xia%2C+Wei+Wang%2C+and+Xinya+Du%2E+2024b%2E+Document%2Dlevel+causal+relation+extraction+with+knowledge%2Dguided+binary+question+answering%2E+In+Findings+of+the+Association+for+Computational+Linguisti)
35. Donald W Winnicott. 2018. Ego distortion in terms of true and false self. In The person who is me, pages 7–22. Routledge. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Donald+W+Winnicott%2E+2018%2E+Ego+distortion+in+terms+of+true+and+false+self%2E+In+The+person+who+is+me%2C+pages+7%E2%80%9322%2E+Routledge%2E)
36. An Yang, Anfeng Li, Baosong Yang, Beichen Zhang, Binyuan Hui, Bo Zheng, Bowen Yu, Chang Gao, Chengen Huang, Chenxu Lv, Chujie Zheng, Dayiheng Liu, Fan Zhou, Fei Huang, Feng Hu, Hao Ge, Haoran Wei, Huan Lin, Jialong Tang, and 41 others. 2025. [Qwen3 technical report](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/yang-2025-qwen3-technical-report/). Preprint, arXiv:2505.09388.

*Updated 30 October 2026*