---
title: "Semantic Similarity of Arabic Sentences with Word Embeddings"
description: "The paper tackles automatic scoring of how close in meaning two short Arabic sentences are. 23 references, cited by 4 papers here."
authors: ["El Moatez Billah Nagoudi", "Didier Schwab"]
year: 2017
venue: "Proceedings of the Third Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/W17-1303/"
doi: "10.18653/v1/w17-1303"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/nagoudi-2017-semantic-similarity-arabic-sentences-word/"
---
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# Semantic Similarity of Arabic Sentences with Word Embeddings

**Authors:** [El Moatez Billah Nagoudi](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/el-moatez-billah-nagoudi/) and [Didier Schwab](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/didier-schwab/) · **Year:** 2017 · **Venue:** [Proceedings of the Third Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/wanlp/) ([WANLP 2017](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/wanlp/2017/)) · **Publisher:** [Association for Computational Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/publishers/association-for-computational-linguistics/) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/W17-1303/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/W17-1303.pdf) · [DOI 10.18653/v1/w17-1303](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w17-1303) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2740664249)

**Citations:** 71 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14) · [4](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/nagoudi-2017-semantic-similarity-arabic-sentences-word/cited-by/) in our library, of the 149,439 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
The paper tackles automatic scoring of how close in meaning two short Arabic sentences are. This is useful for retrieval, plagiarism detection and translation, and Arabic has fewer hand-built lexical resources for it than English. The authors use a pretrained Arabic CBOW model from Zahran et al. (2015), built from more than 5.8 billion words of mixed sources. Each sentence becomes one vector, the sum of its word vectors, and two sentences are compared by cosine. They test three variants: a plain unweighted sum, a sum weighted by IDF computed on the BBC and CNN Arabic corpus, and a sum weighted by part-of-speech class using the Gahbiche-Braham et al. CRF tagger. Text is normalized before scoring. On 750 sentence pairs from the MSR-Video corpus, Pearson correlation with human ratings rises from 72.33% (unweighted) to 78.20% (IDF) and 79.69% (POS). The work shows that a cheap, transparent weighting of word contributions gives a clear gain over naive vector addition.

## Key points
- The word vectors come from the Arabic CBOW model of Zahran et al. (2015). Its settings are 300 dimensions, window 5, sub-sampling 1e-5, no hierarchical softmax, 10 negative samples and a minimum frequency of 100.
- The training data combines Arabic Wikipedia, BBC and CNN Arabic, MultiUN, Arabic Gigaword, LDC newswire, the KSU corpus, Quran text, KDE4 files and others.
- IDF is computed at the sentence level over the background corpus as log(S / W_S). The example POS weights are proper noun 0.7, noun 0.5, verb 0.4, adjective 0.3 and preposition 0.1.
- Preprocessing removes stop words, punctuation, diacritics and non-letters. It also unifies alef variants and ta marbuta, fixes final ya before hamza, and maps all digits to a single "Num" token.
- Pearson correlation on 750 MSR-Video pairs is 72.33% (basic), 78.20% (IDF) and 79.69% (POS). The method's main failure is pairs that share words but differ in meaning.

## Interesting ideas
- Weight each word's contribution by its grammatical class, so that names and nouns count more than prepositions when comparing two sentences. Cheap structural knowledge beats treating all tokens equally.
- Estimate how informative a word is from a separate background corpus of the same genre, counting sentences rather than documents, and use that as a discount for very common words.
- Collapse all numerals into one placeholder token before comparison, so that different numbers do not distort lexical matching.
- The authors openly note that their scoring breaks on pairs with heavy word overlap but different meaning, which is exactly where additive representations fail.
- Each method is illustrated with one toy sentence pair carried through every step with explicit intermediate numbers, which makes the score easy to audit by hand.

## For Mova

How these ideas could serve Mova, our small open language model — its files, stages and tests:

- **I1** (frames): When matching two frames, weight agreement on core arguments and proper-named entities above agreement on function-word slots, and expose those weights in the explanation.
- **I2** (world): Store per-lemma sentence-level IDF in the compiled knowledge layer, so entity and event matching can down-rank generic words like "thing" or "go".
- **I3** (tokens): Have the tokenizer emit a normalized NUM class alongside the surface value, so downstream matching can ignore the digit string while the world layer keeps the exact quantity.
- **I4** (learn): Build a negative-control set of high-overlap, different-meaning sentence pairs, and require Mova's tree-and-frame comparison to separate them where a vector-sum baseline cannot.
- **I5** (answer): Present similarity or entailment judgments as a short worked trace of matched entities and roles with their weights, so a student or tester can follow the decision.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

## Institutions

- [Université Grenoble Alpes](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/universite-grenoble-alpes/) — University, Saint-Martin-d'Hères, France · 20 works · 8,059 citations
- [Laboratoire d'Informatique de Grenoble](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/labs/laboratoire-d-informatique-de-grenoble/) — Research institute, Grenoble, France · 21 works · 688 citations
- [Amar Telidji University of Laghouat](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/amar-telidji-university-of-laghouat/) — University, Laghouat, Algeria · 8 works · 121 citations

📚 Shelves (4): [🖥️ Computer Science](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/computer-science/) · 16,667 works · [🤖 Artificial Intelligence](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/) · 16,194 works · [🎭 Arts and Humanities](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/arts-and-humanities/) · 16,039 works · [🗣️ Language and Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/arts-and-humanities/language-and-linguistics/) · 15,891 works

🧭 Topics (1): [Semitic languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/semitic-languages/) · 2,908 works

## Cite

Cite as: El Moatez Billah Nagoudi and Didier Schwab. 2017. Semantic Similarity of Arabic Sentences with Word Embeddings. Proceedings of the Third Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{nagoudi2017semantic,
  title = {{Semantic Similarity of Arabic Sentences with Word Embeddings}},
  author = {El Moatez Billah Nagoudi and Didier Schwab},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Third Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop},
  year = {2017},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/w17-1303},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w17-1303}
}
```

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## References

23 references, 7 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

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*Updated 1 November 2026*