---
title: "Aspect, Aspectual class, and the Temporal Structure of Narrative"
description: "The author proposes classifying events by the resources they use up and the goals they reach. 62 references, cited by 13 papers here."
authors: ["Alexander Nakhimovsky"]
year: 1988
venue: "Computational Linguistics"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/J88-2004/"
licence: "CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/nakhimovsky-1988-aspect-aspectual-class-temporal-structure/"
---
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# Aspect, Aspectual class, and the Temporal Structure of Narrative

**Authors:** Alexander Nakhimovsky · **Year:** 1988 · **Venue:** [Computational Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/cl/) ([Computational Linguistics 1988](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/cl/1988/)) · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/J88-2004/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/J88-2004.pdf) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W1544956345)

**Citations:** 82 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14) · [13](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/nakhimovsky-1988-aspect-aspectual-class-temporal-structure/cited-by/) in our library, of the 149,439 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
Nakhimovsky asks what everyday knowledge about events is built into word meanings, and how readers use it to work out when narrated events happen relative to one another. The work is theoretical. It uses no corpus, treebank or evaluation. Instead, it argues from linguistic examples across languages, especially Russian and English, and models meanings as frames. Situations unfolding in time are called "histories," split into types (h-types) and tokens (h-tokens). Temporal knowledge falls into three kinds. Compositional knowledge divides an event into stages. Durational knowledge covers relative lengths and time scales, anchored to shared cyclical units. Aspectual knowledge separates grammatical aspect, the lexical aspectual class, and the sentence's aspectual perspective, which depends on where the Reference Time (RT) falls. The author proposes classifying events by the resources they use up and the goals they reach. For narratives, temporal and other discontinuities mark the borders of discourse segments, and all three knowledge kinds order events inside a segment. The paper matters because it links grammatical categories to commonsense knowledge representation and outlines a lexicon program usable for discourse processing.

## Key points
- **Event stages.** Events have five stages: preparatory, initial, body, final and resulting. The preparatory stage follows Moens and Steedman 1987. "Cross the road" is the worked example of how a when-clause can point to any stage.
- **Aspectual perspective.** An RT inside the body gives an imperfective perspective. An RT after the final stage, or rarely before the initial one, gives a perfective perspective. English is described as only weakly typed for aspect compared with Russian.
- **Time scales.** These are stated as ranges of time units, for example visit-1 [minutes, hours] versus visit-2 [days]. Two events are in a "much-greater-than" relation when their scales do not overlap.
- **Telic events.** These affect their arguments in a small set of ways: create, destroy, move, modify and expend. Qualitative dependencies are modeled following Forbus 1985.
- **Proposed future work.** A lexicon enriched this way could feed constraint propagation, as in Allen and Kautz 1985. Narrative studies would examine micromoves inside discourse segments and macromoves at their boundaries, aiming at segmentation heuristics.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

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- [Colgate University](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/colgate-university/) — University, Hamilton, United States · 3 works · 115 citations

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## Cite

Cite as: Alexander Nakhimovsky. 1988. Aspect, Aspectual class, and the Temporal Structure of Narrative. Computational Linguistics.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@article{nakhimovsky1988aspect,
  title = {{Aspect, Aspectual class, and the Temporal Structure of Narrative}},
  author = {Alexander Nakhimovsky},
  journal = {Computational Linguistics},
  year = {1988},
  url = {https://aclanthology.org/J88-2004/}
}
```

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## References

62 references, 1 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

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53. Talmy, Leonard 1983 How Language Structures Space. Berkeley Cognitive Science, Report no. 4, Berkeley, CA. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Talmy%2C+Leonard+1983+How+Language+Structures+Space%2E+Berkeley+Cognitive+Science%2C+Report+no%2E+4%2C+Berkeley%2C+CA%2E)
54. Tedeschi, P.; and Zaenen, Anne (eds.) 1981 Tense and Aspect (Syntax and Semantics 14), Academic Press, New York, NY. ter Meulen, Alice 1987 Structured Domains for Events. Workshop on Generics and Mass Terms. Stanford, CA. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Tedeschi%2C+P%2E%3B+and+Zaenen%2C+Anne+%28eds%2E%29+1981+Tense+and+Aspect+%28Syntax+and+Semantics+14%29%2C+Academic+Press%2C+New+York%2C+NY%2E+ter+Meulen%2C+Alice+1987+Structured+Domains+for+Events%2E+Workshop+on+Generics+and+Mass)
55. Tompkins, Jane 1981 Reader Response Criticism. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Tompkins%2C+Jane+1981+Reader+Response+Criticism%2E+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press%2C+Baltimore%2C+MD%2E)
56. Vendler, Z. 1967 Verbs and Times. In Linguistics and Philosophy. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Vendler%2C+Z%2E+1967+Verbs+and+Times%2E+In+Linguistics+and+Philosophy%2E+Cornell+University+Press%2C+Ithaca%2C+NY%2E)
57. Verkuyl, Henk 1972 On the Compositional Nature of Aspect. Reidel, Dordrecht. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Verkuyl%2C+Henk+1972+On+the+Compositional+Nature+of+Aspect%2E+Reidel%2C+Dordrecht%2E)
58. Webber, Bonnie 1979 A Formal Approach to Discourse Anaphora. Garland, New York, NY. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Webber%2C+Bonnie+1979+A+Formal+Approach+to+Discourse+Anaphora%2E+Garland%2C+New+York%2C+NY%2E)
59. Webber, Bonnie 1987a Two Steps Closer to Event Reference. TR MS-CIS-86-74, Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Webber%2C+Bonnie+1987a+Two+Steps+Closer+to+Event+Reference%2E+TR+MS%2DCIS%2D86%2D74%2C+Department+of+Computer+and+Information+Science%2C+University+of+Pennsylvania%2C+Philadelphia%2C+PA%2E)
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61. Wierzbicka, Anna 1985 Lexicography and Conceptual Analysis'. Ka-roma, Ann Arbor, MI. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Wierzbicka%2C+Anna+1985+Lexicography+and+Conceptual+Analysis%27%2E+Ka%2Droma%2C+Ann+Arbor%2C+MI%2E)
62. Worline, Bonnie Bess 1956 The Children Who Stayed Alone. Scholastic Book Services, New York, NY. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Worline%2C+Bonnie+Bess+1956+The+Children+Who+Stayed+Alone%2E+Scholastic+Book+Services%2C+New+York%2C+NY%2E)

*Updated 30 October 2026*