---
title: "NoLoR: An ASR-Based Framework for Expedited Endangered Language Documentation — Nazari 2024"
description: "NoLoR is a four-step loop for documenting an unwritten or under-documented language: define a phonemic orthography, build a small initial… 26 references."
authors: ["Matthew Nazari"]
year: 2024
venue: "arXiv:2412.04717"
source: "https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.04717"
arxiv: "2412.04717"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (arXiv)"
licence_url: "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/nazari-2024-nolor-asr-based-framework-expedited/"
---
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# NoLoR: An ASR-Based Framework for Expedited Endangered Language Documentation with Neo-Aramaic as a Case Study

**Authors:** Matthew Nazari · **Year:** 2024 · **Venue:** arXiv:2412.04717 **Link:** [arxiv.org/abs/2412.04717](https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.04717) · library `langstream-2024-nazari-nolor-asr-based-framework-expedited` · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) (arXiv)

[**0** citations](https://openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4405173300) OpenAlex, 2026-10-14 · [arXiv:2412.04717](https://openalex.org/S4306400194) · [licence](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

- [Publisher's page](https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.04717)
- [PDF](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2412.04717)
- [arXiv 2412.04717](https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.04717)
- [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W4405173300)

**Authors (1)**

1. [Matthew Nazari](https://openalex.org/A5102523470) [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/2256095694) · h 0 · 0 citations · 2 works

Citations and author metrics: OpenAlex, 2026-10-14; authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## What it is about

NoLoR is a four-step loop for documenting an unwritten or under-documented language: define a phonemic orthography, build a small initial dataset of transcribed speech, fine-tune a pretrained speech model, and then expand the dataset with the model's drafts, which people correct. The case is the Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmi, with a 35-minute labelled set cut into about 600 clips of at most 15 seconds, and a wav2vec 2.0 checkpoint first fine-tuned on Persian. The model reaches a character error rate of 12.5 per cent on the test data. With the draft, transcription is 2.0 times faster for 15-second clips and up to 6.3 times faster for 5-minute clips. A subword tokenizer with a small vocabulary did worse than characters on so little text, and the single-speaker data was augmented for speed, pitch and microphone clarity.

## Ideas

- I2. Two spellings for one language: a phonemic working orthography for the data, and a simplified keyboard spelling for readers (the paper writes a sh sound as the English digraph). Use the same split for an Aramaic variety, with the phonemic form as the master and the simple form as a display layer.

## For Mova

- I1. Time the correction of a parser draft against writing the tree from scratch, on items of growing length, and report the speed-up in the same form as the paper's table. For Mova the draft comes from `gparse` over `treebanks/hbo/ptnk`, and the timing is run twice to check it is stable.
- I3. Small data favours tables over learned subwords. The paper found that a 256 or 512 subword vocabulary failed on a little text. For the `tools/hbo` segmenter, which uses learned prefix and suffix tables, compare it against a subword split on the held-out PTNK sentences and keep whichever is better on the small slice.

I1 goes into `treebanks/hbo/ptnk` as a correction-time measure for `gparse` drafts. I2 goes into [languages/arc/script-phonology.md](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/arc/script-phonology/), with the simplified layer noted for `languages/jpa/`. I3 goes into `tools/hbo`, in the segmenter comparison.

## Institutions

[🎓**University of Cambridge** Cambridge · United Kingdom 119 works · 110,950 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-cambridge/)

Topics[Speech & spoken language](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/speech/) · [Low-resource languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/low-resource-languages/) · [Hebrew & Aramaic](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/hebrew-aramaic/) · [Semitic languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/semitic-languages/)

## Cite

Cite as Matthew Nazari. 2024. NoLoR: An ASR-Based Framework for Expedited Endangered Language Documentation with Neo-Aramaic as a Case Study. arXiv:2412.04717.

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. [arXiv 2412.04717](https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.04717)

```bibtex
@misc{nazari2024nolor,
  title = {{NoLoR: An ASR-Based Framework for Expedited Endangered Language Documentation with Neo-Aramaic as a Case Study}},
  author = {Matthew Nazari},
  year = {2024},
  eprint = {2412.04717},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.04717}
}
```

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## References

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