---
title: "Participatory Research for Low-resourced — Nekoto 2020"
description: "Machine translation still serves mainly a handful of well-resourced languages."
authors: ["Wilhelmina Nekoto", "Vukosi Marivate", "Tshinondiwa Matsila", "Timi Fasubaa", "Taiwo Fagbohungbe", "Solomon Oluwole Akinola", "Shamsuddeen Muhammad", "Salomon Kabongo Kabenamualu", "Salomey Osei", "Freshia Sackey", "Rubungo Andre Niyongabo", "Ricky Macharm", "Perez Ogayo", "Orevaoghene Ahia", "Musie Meressa Berhe", "Mofetoluwa Adeyemi", "Masabata Mokgesi-Selinga", "Lawrence Okegbemi", "Laura Martinus", "Kolawole Tajudeen", "Kevin Degila", "Kelechi Ogueji", "Kathleen Siminyu", "Julia Kreutzer", "Jason Webster", "Jamiil Toure Ali", "Jade Abbott", "Iroro Orife", "Ignatius Ezeani", "Idris Abdulkadir Dangana", "Herman Kamper", "Hady Elsahar", "Goodness Duru", "Ghollah Kioko", "Murhabazi Espoir", "Elan van Biljon", "Daniel Whitenack", "Christopher Onyefuluchi", "Chris Chinenye Emezue", "Bonaventure F. P. Dossou", "Blessing Sibanda", "Blessing Bassey", "Ayodele Olabiyi", "Arshath Ramkilowan", "Alp Öktem", "Adewale Akinfaderin", "Abdallah Bashir"]
year: 2020
venue: "Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2020"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/2020.findings-emnlp.195/"
doi: "10.18653/v1/2020.findings-emnlp.195"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/nekoto-2020-participatory-research-low-resourced-machine/"
---
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# Participatory Research for Low-resourced Machine Translation: A Case Study in African Languages

**Authors:** Wilhelmina Nekoto, Vukosi Marivate, Tshinondiwa Matsila, Timi Fasubaa, Taiwo Fagbohungbe, Solomon Oluwole Akinola, Shamsuddeen Muhammad, Salomon Kabongo Kabenamualu, Salomey Osei, Freshia Sackey, Rubungo Andre Niyongabo, Ricky Macharm et al. (47 authors) · **Year:** 2020 · **Venue:** Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2020 · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2020.findings-emnlp.195/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2020.findings-emnlp.195.pdf) · [DOI 10.18653/v1/2020.findings-emnlp.195](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.findings-emnlp.195) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W3092614733)

**Citations:** 182 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · [151](#cited-by) in our library, of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
Machine translation still serves mainly a handful of well-resourced languages. The authors argue that the gap for African languages reflects social and historical inequities as well as a shortage of data, so MT researchers cannot close it alone. They map the MT pipeline onto roles (content creators, translators, curators, language technologists, evaluators, and stakeholders) and show that several of these roles are usually missing in low-resourced settings. Their remedy is participatory research, carried out through the Masakhane community, in which speakers of the languages build datasets, train models and judge the output. Many of these participants have no formal scientific training. The project produced new translation datasets, JW300-based benchmarks for more than 30 African target languages, and human post-editing evaluations for about a third of them on out-of-domain text (a COVID-19 survey and TED talks). These evaluations show that in-domain JW300 BLEU tends to overstate real quality. For many of these languages, this is the first human evaluation of MT, and the work offers a reusable template for community-driven NLP.

## Key points
- Benchmarks cover translation from English into 30+ African languages and are trained on JW300, a corpus of religious and missionary content. Data, models, code and evaluations are released at github.com/masakhane-io/masakhane-mt.
- Eleven volunteers produced 707 evaluated translations in 10 days. The languages were Igbo, Nigerian Pidgin, Shona, Luo, Hausa (two annotators), Kiswahili, Yoruba, Fon and Dendi.
- The authors chose post-editing over direct assessment and scored outputs with HTER, BLEU and ChrF against the corrected versions.
  - The test material was a 39-item COVID-19 survey plus Multitarget TED subsets of 30–120 sentences per language.
  - These subsets add languages to TED that had no prior translations.
- JW300 BLEU overestimated quality for every evaluated language except Yoruba, and training-set size predicted generalization better.
  - Training data ranged from 6,937 pairs for Dendi to 875,558 for Kiswahili.
  - The two Hausa annotators showed modest agreement (Spearman ρ = 0.56).
- Igbo and Yoruba have similar data sizes and JW300 scores but very different COVID results. The authors attribute this to dialect inconsistency in the Igbo data and outputs. Table 1 also shows how scarce online text is: Igbo has about 27M speakers but only 1,487 Wikipedia articles.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Natural language processing](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/nlp/)

Topics: [Machine translation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/machine-translation/)

## Cited by

Cited by

151 papers of our library cite it (of the 140673 whose bibliographies we read); 14 of them have a page here, 137 not yet.

- [Adapting Pre-trained Language Models to African Languages via Multilingual Adaptive Fine-Tuning](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/alabi-2022-adapting-pre-trained-language-models/)
- [On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Models](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/bommasani-2021-opportunities-risks-foundation-models/)
- [NL-Augmenter: A Framework for Task-Sensitive Natural Language Augmentation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/dhole-2023-nl-augmenter-framework-task-sensitive/)
- [A Survey on Recent Approaches for Natural Language Processing in Low-Resource Scenarios](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/hedderich-2021-survey-recent-approaches-natural-language/)
- [Quality at a Glance: An Audit of Web-Crawled Multilingual Datasets](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/kreutzer-2021-quality-glance-audit-web-crawled/)
- [NaijaSenti: A Nigerian Twitter Sentiment Corpus for Multilingual Sentiment Analysis](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/muhammad-2022-naijasenti-nigerian-twitter-sentiment-corpus/)
- [Evaluating Machine Translation Datasets for Low-Web Data Languages: A Gendered Lens](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/nigatu-2026-evaluating-machine-translation-datasets-low/)
- [SALT-31: A Machine Translation Benchmark Dataset for 31 Ugandan Languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/nsumba-2026-salt-31-machine-translation-benchmark/)
- [Can Linguistically Related Languages Guide LLM Translation in Low-Resource Settings?](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ramasethu-2026-can-linguistically-related-languages-guide/)
- [XTREME-R: Towards More Challenging and Nuanced Multilingual Evaluation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ruder-2021-xtreme-r-more-challenging-nuanced/)
- [Reformulate and Create, Don't Translate: Creating Natural Prompts for Underserved Languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/simonsen-2026-reformulate-create-don-t-translate/)
- [Global MMLU: Understanding and Addressing Cultural and Linguistic Biases in Multilingual Evaluation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/singh-2025-global-mmlu-understanding-addressing-cultural/)
- [Beyond the Imitation Game: Quantifying and extrapolating the capabilities of language models](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/srivastava-2022-imitation-game-quantifying-extrapolating-capabilities/)
- [Aya Model: An Instruction Finetuned Open-Access Multilingual Language Model](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ustun-2024-aya-model-instruction-finetuned-open/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{nekoto2020participatory,
  title = {{Participatory Research for Low-resourced Machine Translation: A Case Study in African Languages}},
  author = {Nekoto, Wilhelmina and Marivate, Vukosi and Matsila, Tshinondiwa and Fasubaa, Timi and Fagbohungbe, Taiwo and Akinola, Solomon Oluwole and Muhammad, Shamsuddeen and Kabenamualu, Salomon Kabongo and Osei, Salomey and Sackey, Freshia and Niyongabo, Rubungo Andre and Macharm, Ricky and Ogayo, Perez and Ahia, Orevaoghene and Berhe, Musie Meressa and Adeyemi, Mofetoluwa and Mokgesi-Selinga, Masabata and Okegbemi, Lawrence and Martinus, Laura and Tajudeen, Kolawole and Degila, Kevin and Ogueji, Kelechi and Siminyu, Kathleen and Kreutzer, Julia and Webster, Jason and Ali, Jamiil Toure and Abbott, Jade and Orife, Iroro and Ezeani, Ignatius and Dangana, Idris Abdulkadir and Kamper, Herman and Elsahar, Hady and Duru, Goodness and Kioko, Ghollah and Espoir, Murhabazi and Biljon, Elan van and Whitenack, Daniel and Onyefuluchi, Christopher and Emezue, Chris Chinenye and Dossou, Bonaventure F. P. and Sibanda, Blessing and Bassey, Blessing and Olabiyi, Ayodele and Ramkilowan, Arshath and Öktem, Alp and Akinfaderin, Adewale and Bashir, Abdallah},
  booktitle = {Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2020},
  year = {2020},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/2020.findings-emnlp.195},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.findings-emnlp.195}
}
```

- [← previous Parsing in the absence of related languages: Evaluating low-resource dependency parsers on Tagalog](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/aquino-2020-parsing-absence-related-languages-evaluating/)
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68. Language Domain Size Nigerian Pidgin COVID TED TED COVID TED COVID TED COVID TED COVID TED COVID COVID 39 100 30 39 80 78 120 39 50 39 55 39 39 Luo Yoruba Hausa Igbo Fon Swahili Shona Dendi *Figure 2: Education (a) and occupation (b) of a subset of 37 participants as indicated in a voluntary survey… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Language+Domain+Size+Nigerian+Pidgin+COVID+TED+TED+COVID+TED+COVID+TED+COVID+TED+COVID+TED+COVID+COVID+39+100+30+39+80+78+120+39+50+39+55+39+39+Luo+Yoruba+Hausa+Igbo+Fon+Swahili+Shona+Dendi+%2AFigure+2%3A)