---
title: "Floating or Suggesting Ideas? A — Piccirilli 2026"
description: "The study examines how metaphorical and literal wording differ when both express nearly the same meaning."
authors: ["Prisca Piccirilli", "Alexander Fraser", "Sabine Schulte im Walde"]
year: 2026
venue: "Proceedings of the 15th Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/2026.cmcl-1.12/"
doi: "10.63317/29k8t89grr9b"
licence: "CC BY-NC 4.0 (ELRA, LREC proceedings)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/piccirilli-2026-floating-or-suggesting-ideas-large/"
---
[Elamur Research](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/piccirilli-2026-floating-or-suggesting-ideas-large/)

[home](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [papers](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/) / [2026](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/2026/page/4/) / Floating or Suggesting Ideas? A Large-Scale Contrastive Analysis of Metaphorical and Literal Verb–Object Constructions

# Floating or Suggesting Ideas? A Large-Scale Contrastive Analysis of Metaphorical and Literal Verb–Object Constructions

**Authors:** [Prisca Piccirilli](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/prisca-piccirilli/), [Alexander Fraser](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/alexander-fraser/), [Sabine Schulte im Walde](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/sabine-schulte-im-walde/) · **Year:** 2026 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the 15th Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC 4.0 (ELRA, LREC proceedings)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2026.cmcl-1.12/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2026.cmcl-1.12.pdf) · [DOI 10.63317/29k8t89grr9b](https://doi.org/10.63317/29k8t89grr9b) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W7166575017)

**Citations:** 0 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14)

## Summary
The study examines how metaphorical and literal wording differ when both express nearly the same meaning. Large-scale empirical work on this contrast has been rare. The authors take 297 paired English verb–object (VO) expressions from VOLIMET (e.g., *float idea* vs. *suggest idea*). They expand the data with every ENCOW web-corpus sentence in which the noun is the verb's direct object, giving about 2.06M sentences. Verb and object are masked, and each VO's sentences are processed together by five text-analysis tools. These yield 2,293 features covering affect, lexical sophistication, syntax, cohesion and lexical diversity. The authors compare z-normalised scores across pairs and inside each pair.

Across pairs, literal contexts tend to have more frequent vocabulary, stronger cohesion and more regular structure. Metaphorical contexts carry more emotion, imageability and lexical variety. Individual pairs, however, diverge in inconsistent directions, so no single pattern separates metaphor from literal use. The differences are mostly construction-specific, which matters for metaphor modeling and for tasks such as MT and sentiment analysis.

## Key points
- **Data:** 297 metaphorical/literal VO pairs (from Piccirilli et al., 2024 / VOLIMET). The original 1,691 VOLIMET sentences were extended with ENCOW, giving 2,058,787 sentences in total.
- **Feature tools and counts:** SEANCE (1,271), TAALES (461), TAASSC (355), TAACO (168) and TAALED (38), for a total of 2,293 features. Verb and object were replaced by MASK tokens to avoid lexical bias.
- **Cross-pair analysis:** Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were run on z-scored features. A feature counted as important when p \< 0.05 and the mean difference was at least 1 SD.
- **Within-pair analysis:** pairs whose mean absolute feature difference reached at least 1 SD were treated as distinctive. Most pairs showed mixed directional effects across feature dimensions.
- **Availability:** data and analysis outputs are released at github.com/priscapiccirilli/Met-Lit-Contrast.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/linguistics/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{piccirilli2026floating,
  title = {{Floating or Suggesting Ideas? A Large-Scale Contrastive Analysis of Metaphorical and Literal Verb–Object Constructions}},
  author = {Piccirilli, Prisca and Fraser, Alexander and Walde, Sabine Schulte im},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 15th Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.63317/29k8t89grr9b},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.63317/29k8t89grr9b}
}
```

- [← previous Fleurs-Badini: Translation and Recording Fleurs Dataset for Badini Variant of Northern Kurdish](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/mohammadamini-2026-fleurs-badini-translation-recording-fleurs/)
- [next → Focus particles and scalar inferences across humans and language models](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/brousse-2026-focus-particles-scalar-inferences-across/)
- [↑ back to papers of 2026](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/2026/page/4/)

## References

37 references, 4 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

1. Lynne Cameron and Alice Deignan. 2003. Combining Large and Small Corpora to Investigate Tuning Devices Around Metaphor in Spoken Discourse. Metaphor and Symbol, 18. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Lynne+Cameron+and+Alice+Deignan%2E+2003%2E+Combining+Large+and+Small+Corpora+to+Investigate+Tuning+Devices+Around+Metaphor+in+Spoken+Discourse%2E+Metaphor+and+Symbol%2C+18%2E)
2. Scott A. Crossley, Kristopher Kyle, and Mihai Dascalu. 2019. The Tool for the Automatic Analysis of Cohesion 2.0: Integrating Semantic Similarity and Text Overlap. Behavior Research Methods, 51(1):14–27. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Scott+A%2E+Crossley%2C+Kristopher+Kyle%2C+and+Mihai+Dascalu%2E+2019%2E+The+Tool+for+the+Automatic+Analysis+of+Cohesion+2%2E0%3A+Integrating+Semantic+Similarity+and+Text+Overlap%2E+Behavior+Research+Methods%2C+51%281%29%3A14%E2%80%93)
3. Scott A. Crossley, Kristopher Kyle, and Danielle S. McNamara. 2016. The Tool for the Automatic Analysis of Text Cohesion (TAACO): Automatic Assessment of Local, Global, and Text Cohesion. Behavior Research Methods, 48(4):1227–1237. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Scott+A%2E+Crossley%2C+Kristopher+Kyle%2C+and+Danielle+S%2E+McNamara%2E+2016%2E+The+Tool+for+the+Automatic+Analysis+of+Text+Cohesion+%28TAACO%29%3A+Automatic+Assessment+of+Local%2C+Global%2C+and+Text+Cohesion%2E+Behavior+Res)
4. Scott A. Crossley, Kristopher Kyle, and Danielle S. McNamara. 2017. Sentiment Analysis and Social Cognition Engine (SEANCE): An Automatic Tool for Sentiment, Social Cognition, and Social Order Analysis. Behavior Research Methods, 49(3):803–821. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Scott+A%2E+Crossley%2C+Kristopher+Kyle%2C+and+Danielle+S%2E+McNamara%2E+2017%2E+Sentiment+Analysis+and+Social+Cognition+Engine+%28SEANCE%29%3A+An+Automatic+Tool+for+Sentiment%2C+Social+Cognition%2C+and+Social+Order+Analysi)
5. Stephane Dufau, Jonathan Grainger, Katherine Midgley, and Phillip Holcomb. 2015. A Thousand Words Are Worth a Picture: Snapshots of Printed-Word Processing in an Event-Related Potential Megastudy. Psychological Science, 26. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Stephane+Dufau%2C+Jonathan+Grainger%2C+Katherine+Midgley%2C+and+Phillip+Holcomb%2E+2015%2E+A+Thousand+Words+Are+Worth+a+Picture%3A+Snapshots+of+Printed%2DWord+Processing+in+an+Event%2DRelated+Potential+Megastudy%2E+Psy)
6. Afsaneh Fazly, Paul Cook, and Suzanne Stevenson. 2009. Unsupervised Type and Token Identification of Idiomatic Expressions. Computational Linguistics, 35(1):61–103. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Afsaneh+Fazly%2C+Paul+Cook%2C+and+Suzanne+Stevenson%2E+2009%2E+Unsupervised+Type+and+Token+Identification+of+Idiomatic+Expressions%2E+Computational+Linguistics%2C+35%281%29%3A61%E2%80%93103%2E) [our card](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/fazly-2009-unsupervised-type-token-identification-idiomatic/)
7. Raymond W. Gibbs. 1989. Understanding and Literal Meaning. Cognitive Science, 13(2):243– 251. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Raymond+W%2E+Gibbs%2E+1989%2E+Understanding+and+Literal+Meaning%2E+Cognitive+Science%2C+13%282%29%3A243%E2%80%93+251%2E)
8. Raymond W. Gibbs. 2006. Metaphor Interpretation as Embodied Simulation. Mind & Language, 21(3):434–458. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Raymond+W%2E+Gibbs%2E+2006%2E+Metaphor+Interpretation+as+Embodied+Simulation%2E+Mind+%26+Language%2C+21%283%29%3A434%E2%80%93458%2E)
9. Rachel Giora. 2002. Literal vs. Figurative Language: Different or Equal. Journal of Pragmatics, 34:487–506. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Rachel+Giora%2E+2002%2E+Literal+vs%2E+Figurative+Language%3A+Different+or+Equal%2E+Journal+of+Pragmatics%2C+34%3A487%E2%80%93506%2E)
10. Sam Glucksberg. 2003. The Psycholinguistics of Metaphor. TRENDS in Cognitive Science, 7(2):92–96. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Sam+Glucksberg%2E+2003%2E+The+Psycholinguistics+of+Metaphor%2E+TRENDS+in+Cognitive+Science%2C+7%282%29%3A92%E2%80%9396%2E)
11. Dawn G. Blasko. 1999. "Only the Tip of the Iceberg": Who Understands what about Metaphor? Journal of Pragmatics, 31:1675–1683. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Dawn+G%2E+Blasko%2E+1999%2E+%22Only+the+Tip+of+the+Iceberg%22%3A+Who+Understands+what+about+Metaphor%3F+Journal+of+Pragmatics%2C+31%3A1675%E2%80%931683%2E)
12. Stefan Gries and Anatol Stefanowitsch. 2004. Extending Collostructional Analysis: A Corpus-Based Approach to Alternations. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 9:97–129. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Stefan+Gries+and+Anatol+Stefanowitsch%2E+2004%2E+Extending+Collostructional+Analysis%3A+A+Corpus%2DBased+Approach+to+Alternations%2E+International+Journal+of+Corpus+Linguistics%2C+9%3A97%E2%80%93129%2E)
13. Lera Boroditsky. 2000. Metaphoric Structuring: Understanding Time Through Spatial Metaphors. Cognition, 75(1):1–28. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Lera+Boroditsky%2E+2000%2E+Metaphoric+Structuring%3A+Understanding+Time+Through+Spatial+Metaphors%2E+Cognition%2C+75%281%29%3A1%E2%80%9328%2E)
14. Michael A.K. Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan. 1976. Cohesion in English. Longman. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Michael+A%2EK%2E+Halliday+and+Ruqaiya+Hasan%2E+1976%2E+Cohesion+in+English%2E+Longman%2E)
15. Brian Bowdle and Dedre Gentner. 2005. The Career of Metaphor. Psychological Review, 112:193–216. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Brian+Bowdle+and+Dedre+Gentner%2E+2005%2E+The+Career+of+Metaphor%2E+Psychological+Review%2C+112%3A193%E2%80%93216%2E)
16. Michael Kimmel. 2010. Why We Mix Metaphors (and Mix Them Well): Discourse Coherence, Conceptual Metaphor, and Beyond. Journal of Pragmatics, 42:97–115. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Michael+Kimmel%2E+2010%2E+Why+We+Mix+Metaphors+%28and+Mix+Them+Well%29%3A+Discourse+Coherence%2C+Conceptual+Metaphor%2C+and+Beyond%2E+Journal+of+Pragmatics%2C+42%3A97%E2%80%93115%2E)
17. Zoltan Kövecses. 2010. Metaphor: A Practical Introduction, 2nd edition. Oxford University Press, New York. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Zoltan+K%C3%B6vecses%2E+2010%2E+Metaphor%3A+A+Practical+Introduction%2C+2nd+edition%2E+Oxford+University+Press%2C+New+York%2E)
18. Kristopher Kyle. 2016. Measuring Syntactic Development in L2 Writing: Fine-Grained Indices of Syntactic Complexity and Usage-Based Indices of Syntactic Sophistication. Ph.d. dissertation, Georgia State University. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Kristopher+Kyle%2E+2016%2E+Measuring+Syntactic+Development+in+L2+Writing%3A+Fine%2DGrained+Indices+of+Syntactic+Complexity+and+Usage%2DBased+Indices+of+Syntactic+Sophistication%2E+Ph%2Ed%2E+dissertation%2C+Georgia+Stat)
19. Kristopher Kyle and Scott A. Crossley. 2015. Automatically Assessing Lexical Sophistication: Indices, Tools, Findings, and Application. TESOL Quarterly, 49(4):757–786. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Kristopher+Kyle+and+Scott+A%2E+Crossley%2E+2015%2E+Automatically+Assessing+Lexical+Sophistication%3A+Indices%2C+Tools%2C+Findings%2C+and+Application%2E+TESOL+Quarterly%2C+49%284%29%3A757%E2%80%93786%2E)
20. Kristopher Kyle, Scott A. Crossley, and Charles Berger. 2018. The Tool for the Analysis of Lexical Sophistication (TAALES): Version 2.0. Behavior Research Methods, 50(3):1030–1046. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Kristopher+Kyle%2C+Scott+A%2E+Crossley%2C+and+Charles+Berger%2E+2018%2E+The+Tool+for+the+Analysis+of+Lexical+Sophistication+%28TAALES%29%3A+Version+2%2E0%2E+Behavior+Research+Methods%2C+50%283%29%3A1030%E2%80%931046%2E)
21. Kristopher Kyle, Scott A. Crossley, and Scott Jarvis. 2021. Assessing the Validity of Lexical Diversity Using Direct Judgements. Language Assessment Quarterly, 18(2):154–170. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Kristopher+Kyle%2C+Scott+A%2E+Crossley%2C+and+Scott+Jarvis%2E+2021%2E+Assessing+the+Validity+of+Lexical+Diversity+Using+Direct+Judgements%2E+Language+Assessment+Quarterly%2C+18%282%29%3A154%E2%80%93170%2E)
22. George Lakoff and Mark Johnson. 1980. Metaphors We Live By. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=George+Lakoff+and+Mark+Johnson%2E+1980%2E+Metaphors+We+Live+By%2E+University+of+Chicago+Press%2C+Chicago%2E)
23. Saif Mohammad, Ekaterina Shutova, and Peter Turney. 2016. Metaphor as a Medium for Emotion: An Empirical Study. In Proceedings of the Fifth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics, pages 23–33, Berlin, Germany. Association for Computational Linguistics. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Saif+Mohammad%2C+Ekaterina+Shutova%2C+and+Peter+Turney%2E+2016%2E+Metaphor+as+a+Medium+for+Emotion%3A+An+Empirical+Study%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+Fifth+Joint+Conference+on+Lexical+and+Computational+Semantics%2C+pag) [our card](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/mohammad-2016-metaphor-as-medium-emotion-empirical/)
24. Andrew Ortony. 1975. Why Metaphors Are Necessary and Not Just Nice. Educational Theory, 25(1):45–53. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Andrew+Ortony%2E+1975%2E+Why+Metaphors+Are+Necessary+and+Not+Just+Nice%2E+Educational+Theory%2C+25%281%29%3A45%E2%80%9353%2E)
25. Prisca Piccirilli, Alexander Fraser, and Sabine Schulte im Walde. 2024. VOLIMET: A Parallel Corpus of Literal and Metaphorical Verb-Object Pairs for English–German and English–French. In Proceedings of the 13th Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*SEM 2024), pages 222–237, Mexic… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Prisca+Piccirilli%2C+Alexander+Fraser%2C+and+Sabine+Schulte+im+Walde%2E+2024%2E+VOLIMET%3A+A+Parallel+Corpus+of+Literal+and+Metaphorical+Verb%2DObject+Pairs+for+English%E2%80%93German+and+English%E2%80%93French%2E+In+Proceedings+o)
26. Prisca Piccirilli and Sabine Schulte im Walde. 2021. Synonymous Pairs of Metaphorical and Literal Expressions in Context: An Empirical Study and Dataset to tackle or to address the question. In Proceedings of the Workshop DiscAnn, Tübingen, Germany. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Prisca+Piccirilli+and+Sabine+Schulte+im+Walde%2E+2021%2E+Synonymous+Pairs+of+Metaphorical+and+Literal+Expressions+in+Context%3A+An+Empirical+Study+and+Dataset+to+tackle+or+to+address+the+question%2E+In+Procee)
27. Prisca Piccirilli and Sabine Schulte Im Walde. 2022. What Drives the Use of Metaphorical Language? Negative Insights from Abstractness, Affect, Discourse Coherence and Contextualized Word Representations. In Proceedings of the 11th Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics, pages 299–3… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Prisca+Piccirilli+and+Sabine+Schulte+Im+Walde%2E+2022%2E+What+Drives+the+Use+of+Metaphorical+Language%3F+Negative+Insights+from+Abstractness%2C+Affect%2C+Discourse+Coherence+and+Contextualized+Word+Representati)
28. Roland Schäfer. 2015. Processing and Querying Large Web Corpora with the COW14 Architecture. In Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Challenges in the Management of Large Corpora, pages 28–34, Mannheim, Germany. Institut für Deutsche Sprache. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Roland+Sch%C3%A4fer%2E+2015%2E+Processing+and+Querying+Large+Web+Corpora+with+the+COW14+Architecture%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+3rd+Workshop+on+Challenges+in+the+Management+of+Large+Corpora%2C+pages+28%E2%80%9334%2C+Mannheim%2C)
29. Roland Schäfer and Felix Bildhauer. 2012. Building Large Corpora from the Web Using a New Efficient Tool Chain. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, pages 486–493, Istanbul, Turkey. European Language Resources Association. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Roland+Sch%C3%A4fer+and+Felix+Bildhauer%2E+2012%2E+Building+Large+Corpora+from+the+Web+Using+a+New+Efficient+Tool+Chain%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+8th+International+Conference+on+Language+Resources+and+Evaluation%2C) [our card](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/schafer-2012-building-large-corpora-web-new/)
30. Christina Schäffner. 2004. Metaphor and Translation: Some Implications of a Cognitive Approach. Journal of Pragmatics, 36(7):1253–1269. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Christina+Sch%C3%A4ffner%2E+2004%2E+Metaphor+and+Translation%3A+Some+Implications+of+a+Cognitive+Approach%2E+Journal+of+Pragmatics%2C+36%287%29%3A1253%E2%80%931269%2E)
31. Ekaterina Shutova. 2010. Automatic Metaphor Interpretation as a Paraphrasing Task. In Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies:, pages 1029–1037, Los Angeles, California. Association for Computati… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Ekaterina+Shutova%2E+2010%2E+Automatic+Metaphor+Interpretation+as+a+Paraphrasing+Task%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+Annual+Conference+of+the+North+American+Chapter+of+the+Association+for+Computational+Linguistic)
32. Gerard J. Steen. 2004. Can Discourse Properties of Metaphor Affect Metaphor Recognition? Journal of Pragmatics, 36(7):1295–1313. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Gerard+J%2E+Steen%2E+2004%2E+Can+Discourse+Properties+of+Metaphor+Affect+Metaphor+Recognition%3F+Journal+of+Pragmatics%2C+36%287%29%3A1295%E2%80%931313%2E)
33. Kevin Stowe, Prasetya Utama, and Iryna Gurevych. 2022. IMPLI: Investigating NLI Models’ Performance on Figurative Language. In Proceedings of the 60th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 5375–5388, Dublin, Ireland. Association for Computational Linguistics. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Kevin+Stowe%2C+Prasetya+Utama%2C+and+Iryna+Gurevych%2E+2022%2E+IMPLI%3A+Investigating+NLI+Models%E2%80%99+Performance+on+Figurative+Language%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+60th+Annual+Meeting+of+the+Association+for+Computation) [our card](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/stowe-2022-impli-investigating-nli-models-performance/)
34. Mark Turner. 1996. The Literary Mind: The Origins of Thought and Language. Oxford University Press, Oxford. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Mark+Turner%2E+1996%2E+The+Literary+Mind%3A+The+Origins+of+Thought+and+Language%2E+Oxford+University+Press%2C+Oxford%2E)
35. Raymond van den Broek. 1981. The Limits of Translatability Exemplified by Metaphor Translation. Poetics Today, 1(4):73–87. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Raymond+van+den+Broek%2E+1981%2E+The+Limits+of+Translatability+Exemplified+by+Metaphor+Translation%2E+Poetics+Today%2C+1%284%29%3A73%E2%80%9387%2E)
36. Cyma Van Petten and Marta Kutas. 1990. Interactions Between Sentence Context and Word Frequency in Event-related Potentials. Memory & cognition, 18:380–93. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Cyma+Van+Petten+and+Marta+Kutas%2E+1990%2E+Interactions+Between+Sentence+Context+and+Word+Frequency+in+Event%2Drelated+Potentials%2E+Memory+%26+cognition%2C+18%3A380%E2%80%9393%2E)
37. Marta Wierzba, J. Brown, and Gisbert Fanselow. 2023. The Syntactic Flexibility of German and English Idioms: Evidence from Acceptability Rating Experiments. Journal of Linguistics, 60:1–38. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Marta+Wierzba%2C+J%2E+Brown%2C+and+Gisbert+Fanselow%2E+2023%2E+The+Syntactic+Flexibility+of+German+and+English+Idioms%3A+Evidence+from+Acceptability+Rating+Experiments%2E+Journal+of+Linguistics%2C+60%3A1%E2%80%9338%2E)