---
title: "The MATE/GNOME Proposals for Anaphoric — Poesio 2004"
description: "Poesio revisits the MATE \"meta-scheme\" for anaphoric annotation, proposed about five years earlier in the MATE project on dialogue annotation tools."
authors: ["Massimo Poesio"]
year: 2004
venue: "Proceedings of the 5th SIGdial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue at HLT-NAACL 2004"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/W04-2327/"
licence: "CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/poesio-2004-mate-gnome-proposals-anaphoric-annotation/"
---
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# The MATE/GNOME Proposals for Anaphoric Annotation, Revisited

**Authors:** [Massimo Poesio](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/massimo-poesio/) · **Year:** 2004 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the 5th SIGdial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue at HLT-NAACL 2004 · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/W04-2327/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/W04-2327.pdf) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2571812974)

**Citations:** 78 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · [45](#cited-by) in our library, of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
Poesio revisits the MATE "meta-scheme" for anaphoric annotation, proposed about five years earlier in the MATE project on dialogue annotation tools. The scheme assumes that no single set of annotator instructions can cover every kind of anaphora or application. It argues instead that one general XML markup can implement many specific schemes, including MUCCS, DRAMA and MapTask landmark references. That markup is standoff, with separate `de` markables and `link` elements holding one or more `anchor` antecedents.

The paper reviews experience from projects built on the scheme, namely the GNOME corpus and the VENEX corpus of Italian speech and text, and from tools such as MMAX and the ILSP Annotator. Standoff storage and separate link elements proved valuable. Some parts needed rethinking, such as how to handle predicative NPs and how many associative relations to allow. Unresolved issues include ambiguity across different relation types and belief revision in dialogue. The study offers practical guidance for building reusable anaphora and coreference resources.

## Key points
- The MATE markup separates markables (`de`) from relations (`link` with `anchor`). This allows several relations per expression, ambiguous antecedents, and a WHO-BELIEVES attribute for MapTask misunderstandings.
- The GNOME corpus served for Centering and salience studies, for statistical NL generation models, and for evaluating anaphora resolution, especially bridging references. VENEX extends the approach to Italian dialogue and text.
- GNOME added an LF TYPE attribute with the values term, quant and pred. Annotators focus on term-denoting NPs, and this classification was annotated reliably.
- A narrow set of associative relations was annotated with few disagreements. Adding attribute relations or situational associations (e.g., restaurant → waiter) proved difficult.
- The author proposes moving the relation type onto each anchor, so that one expression can be IDENT to one antecedent and ELEMENT of another. Belief revision in MapTask dialogues remains an open problem.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/linguistics/)

Topics: [Coreference resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/coreference-resolution/)

## Cited by

Cited by

45 papers of our library cite it (of the 140673 whose bibliographies we read); 14 of them have a page here, 31 not yet.

- [Survey Article: Inter-Coder Agreement for Computational Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/artstein-2008-survey-article-inter-coder-agreement/)
- [Phrase Detectives Corpus 1.0 Crowdsourced Anaphoric Coreference.](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/chamberlain-2016-phrase-detectives-corpus-1-0/)
- [Experiments on bridging across languages and genres](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/grishina-2016-experiments-bridging-across-languages-genres/)
- [Unrestricted Bridging Resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/hou-2018-unrestricted-bridging-resolution/)
- [Bridging Anaphora Resolution as Question Answering](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/hou-2020-bridging-anaphora-resolution-as-question/)
- [PoCoS - Potsdam Coreference Scheme](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/krasavina-2007-pocos-potsdam-coreference-scheme/)
- [Collective Classification for Fine-grained Information Status](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/markert-2012-collective-classification-fine-grained-information/)
- [Coreference meets Universal Dependencies – a pilot experiment on harmonizing coreference datasets for 11 languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/nedoluzhko-2021-coreference-meets-universal-dependencies/)
- [The Reliability of Anaphoric Annotation, Reconsidered: Taking Ambiguity into Account](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/poesio-2005-reliability-anaphoric-annotation-reconsidered-taking/)
- [Anaphora Resolution with the ARRAU Corpus](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/poesio-2018-anaphora-resolution-arrau-corpus/)
- [Introducing the Prague Discourse Treebank 1.0](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/polakova-2013-introducing-prague-discourse-treebank-1/)
- [CoNLL-2011 Shared Task: Modeling Unrestricted Coreference in OntoNotes](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/pradhan-2011-conll-2011-shared-task-modeling/)
- [CoNLL-2012 Shared Task: Modeling Multilingual Unrestricted Coreference in OntoNotes](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/pradhan-2012-conll-2012-shared-task-modeling/)
- [Annotating Near-Identity from Coreference Disagreements](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/recasens-2012-annotating-near-identity-coreference-disagreements/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{poesio2004mate,
  title = {{The MATE/GNOME Proposals for Anaphoric Annotation, Revisited}},
  author = {Poesio, Massimo},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th SIGdial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue at HLT-NAACL 2004},
  year = {2004},
  url = {https://aclanthology.org/W04-2327/}
}
```

- [← previous The Importance of Supertagging for Wide-Coverage CCG Parsing](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/aclbulk-2004-clark-importance-supertagging-wide-coverage-ccg/)
- [next → The MULI Project: Annotation and Analysis of Information Structure in German and English](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/baumann-2004-muli-project-annotation-analysis-information/)
- [↑ back to papers of 2004](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/2004/)

## References

36 references, 6 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

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