---
title: "CiteME: Can Language Models Accurately Cite Scientific Claims?"
description: "The paper asks whether language models can work as research assistants for… 69.7% accuracy. 92 references, cited by 21 papers here."
authors: ["Ori Press", "Andreas Hochlehnert", "Ameya Prabhu", "Vishaal Udandarao", "Ofir Press", "Matthias Bethge"]
year: 2024
venue: "arXiv:2407.12861"
source: "https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.12861"
doi: "10.48550/arxiv.2407.12861"
arxiv: "2407.12861"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (arXiv)"
licence_url: "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/press-2024-citeme-language-models-accurately/"
---
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# CiteME: Can Language Models Accurately Cite Scientific Claims?

**Authors:** Ori Press, [Andreas Hochlehnert](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/andreas-hochlehnert/), [Ameya Prabhu](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/ameya-prabhu/), [Vishaal Udandarao](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/vishaal-udandarao/), [Ofir Press](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/ofir-press/) and [Matthias Bethge](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/matthias-bethge/) · **Year:** 2024 · **Venue:** [arXiv:2407.12861](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/neural-information-processing-systems/) ([NeurIPS 2024](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/neural-information-processing-systems/2024/)) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (arXiv)](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.12861) · [PDF](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2407.12861) · [DOI 10.48550/arxiv.2407.12861](https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2407.12861) · [arXiv 2407.12861](https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.12861) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W4415798685)

**Citations:** 4 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14) · [21](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/press-2024-citeme-language-models-accurately/cited-by/) in our library, of the 149,439 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
The paper asks whether language models can work as research assistants for citation attribution: given a passage from a paper with a masked reference, can the model name the cited work? The authors first audited existing citation-prediction datasets. Most of their excerpts turned out to be vague, impossible to attribute, or trivially solvable. In response they built CiteME, a small benchmark of hand-picked excerpts from recent machine learning papers. Each excerpt points unambiguously to exactly one paper, and instances that GPT-4o could already answer from memory were removed. Human experts solve about 70% of the items. Frontier LMs answering without tools score only 4.2–18.5%, and the retrieval model SPECTER2 scores 0%. The authors also built CiteAgent, which pairs GPT-4o with the Semantic Scholar search engine so it can search for, open and read papers in repeated rounds. CiteAgent reaches 35.3%. The work shows that models still trail people badly at grounding scientific claims. CiteME gives a fresh, unsaturated way to measure progress toward automatically verifiable LM output.

## Key points
- **Audit of existing datasets.** The authors sampled 50 excerpts each from FullTextPeerRead, ACL-200, RefSeer and arXiv. Only 10–26% were judged reasonable, and on average 17.5% were trivial because they revealed author names or titles.
- **Building CiteME.** Four ML graduate students collected the excerpts. An item was kept only if at least two of them approved it. Items that tool-less GPT-4o answered correctly in any of five runs were dropped (124 removed), leaving 130 instances.
- **Human baseline.** Twenty outside experts worked on a 100-item subset with a two-minute limit per item. They reached 69.7% accuracy, taking 38.2 seconds per item on average.
- **CiteAgent.** The agent uses a GPT-4o backbone with no extra training. It works through a set of commands for searching Semantic Scholar and reading papers, and its prompt is modeled on SWE-Agent. It scores 35.3% on CiteME.
- **Availability.** The benchmark was presented at the NeurIPS 2024 Datasets and Benchmarks track. Data is at huggingface.co/datasets/bethgelab/CiteME and code at github.com/bethgelab/CiteME.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

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## Cite

Cite as: Ori Press, Andreas Hochlehnert, Ameya Prabhu, Vishaal Udandarao, Ofir Press and Matthias Bethge. 2024. CiteME: Can Language Models Accurately Cite Scientific Claims?. arXiv:2407.12861.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@misc{press2024citeme,
  title = {{CiteME: Can Language Models Accurately Cite Scientific Claims?}},
  author = {Ori Press, Andreas Hochlehnert, Ameya Prabhu, Vishaal Udandarao, Ofir Press and Matthias Bethge},
  year = {2024},
  doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2407.12861},
  eprint = {2407.12861},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2407.12861}
}
```

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*Updated 3 November 2026*