---
title: "Resolving Complex Cases of Definite Pronouns — Rahman 2012"
description: "This paper looks at a hard kind of pronoun resolution."
authors: ["Altaf Rahman", "Vincent Ng"]
year: 2012
venue: "Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/D12-1071/"
licence: "CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/rahman-2012-resolving-complex-cases-definite-pronouns/"
---
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# Resolving Complex Cases of Definite Pronouns: The Winograd Schema Challenge

**Authors:** [Altaf Rahman](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/altaf-rahman/), [Vincent Ng](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/vincent-ng/) · **Year:** 2012 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/D12-1071/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/D12-1071.pdf) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W1752492850)

**Citations:** 135 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · [106](#cited-by) in our library, of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
This paper looks at a hard kind of pronoun resolution. Each sentence has two clauses joined by a connective such as "because". The first clause names two people or things, and the second contains a pronoun that could match either one in gender, number and semantic class. Usual cues like Binding Constraints, string matching and syntactic salience don't help here. Each sentence also has a "twin" that differs only after the connective and points the pronoun to the other candidate. A restricted version of this task is the Winograd Schema Challenge, which Levesque proposed as an alternative to the Turing Test. The authors had 30 undergraduates write 941 twin-sentence pairs and split them 70/30 into training and test sets. Their system ranks the two candidates with an SVM ranker. Its features come from eight knowledge sources, including narrative chains, Google hit counts, FrameNet, polarity cues and lexical features. It beats leading resolvers such as Stanford, Reconcile and BART by about 18 accuracy points. The paper shows that world knowledge, not just syntax, can make progress on this deeper language-understanding problem.

## Key points
- **Dataset:** 941 twin-sentence pairs written and annotated by 30 students, each checked by another student. Every sentence has exactly two candidate antecedents. Topics range from news events to films to made-up scenes.
- **Model:** a pairwise ranking model trained with Joachims' SVM light. The twin structure is not used in training or testing.
- **Feature groups:** Narrative Chains (Chambers & Jurafsky), Google search-count queries, FrameNet, Heuristic Polarity, Learned Polarity (OpenFinder-based), Connective-Based Relation, Semantic Compatibility, and about 68K Lexical Features.
- **Results:** the full system reaches about 73.1% adjusted accuracy. Without the Lexical Features it still reaches 67.4%, which also beats all baselines. In ablation, the Google and Lexical features help most, while FrameNet and Learned Polarity help least.
- **Error analysis:** Google queries become sparse when they have to link facts across both clauses. Narrative chains only cover verb events, so they miss pairs like "angry" and "shout". The simple prior-polarity heuristics also cause errors.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/linguistics/)

Topics: [Coreference resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/coreference-resolution/) · [Semantic role labeling](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/semantic-role-labeling/)

## Cited by

Cited by

106 papers of our library cite it (of the 140673 whose bibliographies we read); 29 of them have a page here, 77 not yet.

- [Improving event prediction by representing script participants](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ahrendt-2016-improving-event-prediction-representing-script/)
- [Recognition of They/Them as Singular Personal Pronouns in Coreference Resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/baumler-2022-recognition-they-them-as-singular/)
- [Don't Take the Premise for Granted: Mitigating Artifacts in Natural Language Inference](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/belinkov-2019-don-t-take-premise-granted/)
- [Abductive Commonsense Reasoning](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/bhagavatula-2019-abductive-commonsense-reasoning/)
- [The KnowRef Coreference Corpus: Removing Gender and Number Cues for Difficult Pronominal Anaphora Resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/emami-2019-knowref-coreference-corpus-removing-gender/)
- [常识问答研究综述](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/fan-2023-commonsense-question-answering/)
- [Assessing the Capabilities of Large Language Models in Coreference: An Evaluation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/gan-2024-assessing-capabilities-large-language-models/)
- [Bridging Anaphora Resolution as Question Answering](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/hou-2020-bridging-anaphora-resolution-as-question/)
- [Cosmos QA: Machine Reading Comprehension with Contextual Commonsense Reasoning](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/huang-2019-cosmos-qa-machine-reading-comprehension/)
- [WikiCREM: A Large Unsupervised Corpus for Coreference Resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/kocijan-2019-wikicrem-large-unsupervised-corpus-coreference/)
- [Scoring Coreference Chains with Split-Antecedent Anaphors](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/paun-2023-scoring-coreference-chains-split-antecedent/)
- [Solving Hard Coreference Problems](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/peng-2015-solving-hard-coreference-problems/)
- [Challenges to Evaluating the Generalization of Coreference Resolution Models: A Measurement Modeling Perspective](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/porada-2024-challenges-evaluating-generalization-coreference-resolution/)
- [Intermediate-Task Transfer Learning with Pretrained Language Models: When and Why Does It Work?](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/pruksachatkun-2020-intermediate-task-transfer-learning-pretrained/)
- [Developing a Corpus of Indirect Speech Act Schemas](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/roque-2020-developing-corpus-indirect-speech-act/)
- [SocialIQA: Commonsense Reasoning about Social Interactions](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/sap-2019-socialiqa-commonsense-reasoning-about-social/)
- [Multilingual coreference resolution as text generation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/skachkova-2024-multilingual-coreference-resolution-as-text/)
- [Beyond the Imitation Game: Quantifying and extrapolating the capabilities of language models](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/srivastava-2022-imitation-game-quantifying-extrapolating-capabilities/)
- [Recent Advances in Natural Language Inference: A Survey of Benchmarks, Resources, and Approaches](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/storks-2019-recent-advances-natural-language-inference/)
- [What do you learn from context? Probing for sentence structure in contextualized word representations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/tenney-2019-learn-context-probing-sentence-structure/)
- [Mind the GAP: A Balanced Corpus of Gendered Ambiguous Pronouns](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/webster-2018-mind-gap-balanced-corpus-gendered/)
- [Inference is Everything: Recasting Semantic Resources into a Unified Evaluation Framework](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/white-2017-inference-is-everything-recasting-semantic/)
- [Free the Plural: Unrestricted Split-Antecedent Anaphora Resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/yu-2020-free-plural-unrestricted-split-antecedent/)
- [Stay Together: A System for Single and Split-antecedent Anaphora Resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/yu-2021-stay-together-system-single-split/)
- [The CODI-CRAC 2022 Shared Task on Anaphora, Bridging, and Discourse Deixis in Dialogue](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/yu-2022-codi-crac-2022-shared-task/)
- [The Universal Anaphora Scorer](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/yu-2022-universal-anaphora-scorer/)
- [Gender Bias in Coreference Resolution: Evaluation and Debiasing Methods](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zhao-2018-gender-bias-coreference-resolution-evaluation/)
- [Gender Bias in Contextualized Word Embeddings](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zhao-2019-gender-bias-contextualized-word-embeddings/)
- [PCR4ALL: A Comprehensive Evaluation Benchmark for Pronoun Coreference Resolution in English](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zhao-2022-pcr4all-comprehensive-evaluation-benchmark-pronoun/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{rahman2012resolving,
  title = {{Resolving Complex Cases of Definite Pronouns: The Winograd Schema Challenge}},
  author = {Rahman, Altaf and Ng, Vincent},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning},
  year = {2012},
  url = {https://aclanthology.org/D12-1071/}
}
```

- [← previous Representation Learning: A Review and New Perspectives](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/bengio-2012-representation-learning-review-new-perspectives/)
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43 references, 20 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

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