---
title: "MERLIN — paper by Ramamoorthy et al. (2026)"
description: "The authors define a multilingual multimodal entity linking (MMEL) task under an in-KB assumption and… 35 references, cited by 1 paper here."
authors: ["Sathyanarayanan Ramamoorthy", "Vishwa Shah", "Simran Khanuja", "Zaid Sheikh", "Shan Jie", "Ann Chia", "Shearman Chua", "Graham Neubig"]
year: 2026
venue: "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/2026.tacl-1.19/"
doi: "10.1162/tacl.a.633"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ramamoorthy-2026-merlin-testbed-multilingual-multimodal-entity/"
---
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# MERLIN: A Testbed for Multilingual Multimodal Entity Recognition and Linking

**Authors:** Sathyanarayanan Ramamoorthy, [Vishwa Shah](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/vishwa-shah/), [Simran Khanuja](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/simran-khanuja/), [Zaid Sheikh](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/zaid-sheikh/), Shan Jie, Ann Chia, Shearman Chua and [Graham Neubig](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/graham-neubig/) · **Year:** 2026 · **Venue:** [Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/tacl/) ([Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics (TACL) 2026](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/tacl/2026/)) · **Publisher:** [The MIT Press](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/publishers/the-mit-press/) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2026.tacl-1.19/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2026.tacl-1.19.pdf) · [DOI 10.1162/tacl.a.633](https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl.a.633) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W7155499912)

**Citations:** 1 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14) · 1 in our library, of the 149,439 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
Entity linking maps an ambiguous mention to its referent in a knowledge base. It becomes difficult when the surrounding text is short, as in news headlines. Until now, multilingual linking research has used text alone. This paper asks whether accompanying images can resolve such ambiguity across languages. The authors define a multilingual multimodal entity linking (MMEL) task under an in-KB assumption and release MERLIN, an evaluation-only testbed. It pairs BBC headlines from the M3LS corpus with their images and links entity mentions to Wikidata. Five languages are covered: Hindi, Japanese, Indonesian, Vietnamese and Tamil. They were chosen for family and script diversity, speaker numbers, and the availability of crowdworkers. Screened Prolific annotators labelled the data in INCEpTION, and majority voting settled the final links. Baselines built on mGENRE, LLaMa-2 and Aya-23 show that the task remains hard even for the strongest systems. Adding visual input improves accuracy, especially for textually ambiguous mentions and for models with weak multilingual skills. This makes MERLIN a first benchmark for image-aided disambiguation in lower-resource languages.

## Key points
- MERLIN contains 5,000 headlines (1,000 per language) with 7,287 mentions and 2,480 unique Wikidata entities. A further 1,243 mentions could not be linked and are excluded from evaluation.
- Each 100-title split was labelled by three annotators. Annotators first had to reach an F1 of at least 60% on an English screening task. Agreement was measured with Cohen's Kappa.
- Entities are grouped into PER, Country, LOC, ORG, Event and MISC by traversing the Wikidata P31/P279 hierarchy.
- Evaluated systems include mGENRE, a GEMEL-style approach with LLaMa-2-7B, and Aya-23 8B.
- Machine-translating inputs into English raises scores in every language, with the largest gains for Tamil and Hindi, which points to an English bias in current models.
- Stated limitations:
  - The data comes from a single genre (BBC news).
  - Annotators may make errors.
  - The baselines predict Wikipedia titles rather than Wikidata QIDs.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

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## Cite

Cite as: Sathyanarayanan Ramamoorthy, Vishwa Shah, Simran Khanuja, Zaid Sheikh, Shan Jie, Ann Chia, Shearman Chua and Graham Neubig. 2026. MERLIN: A Testbed for Multilingual Multimodal Entity Recognition and Linking. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@article{ramamoorthy2026merlin,
  title = {{MERLIN: A Testbed for Multilingual Multimodal Entity Recognition and Linking}},
  author = {Sathyanarayanan Ramamoorthy, Vishwa Shah, Simran Khanuja, Zaid Sheikh, Shan Jie, Ann Chia, Shearman Chua and Graham Neubig},
  journal = {Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.1162/tacl.a.633},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl.a.633}
}
```

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*Updated 2 November 2026*