---
title: "Semantic Proto-Roles — paper by Reisinger et al. (2015)"
description: "On this basis the authors propose a new task, Semantic Proto-Role Labeling (SPRL). 45 references, cited by 48 papers here."
authors: ["Drew Reisinger", "Rachel Rudinger", "Francis Ferraro", "Craig Harman", "Kyle Rawlins", "Benjamin Van Durme"]
year: 2015
venue: "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/Q15-1034/"
doi: "10.1162/tacl_a_00152"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/reisinger-2015-semantic-proto-roles/"
---
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# Semantic Proto-Roles

**Authors:** [Drew Reisinger](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/drew-reisinger/), [Rachel Rudinger](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/rachel-rudinger/), [Francis Ferraro](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/francis-ferraro/), [Craig Harman](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/craig-harman/), [Kyle Rawlins](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/kyle-rawlins/) and [Benjamin Van Durme](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/benjamin-van-durme/) · **Year:** 2015 · **Venue:** [Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/tacl/) ([Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics (TACL) 2015](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/tacl/2015/)) · **Publisher:** [The MIT Press](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/publishers/the-mit-press/) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/Q15-1034/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/Q15-1034.pdf) · [DOI 10.1162/tacl\_a\_00152](https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00152) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2180093461)

**Citations:** 64 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14) · [48](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/reisinger-2015-semantic-proto-roles/cited-by/) in our library, of the 141,840 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary

The paper asks whether Dowty's (1991) proto-role theory can be tested on real corpus data and turned into a practical annotation scheme. The theory treats semantic roles as bundles of graded properties, such as volition, sentience or change of state, rather than fixed categories like AGENT and PATIENT. The authors wrote simple property questions and first ran a crowdsourced MTurk replication of Kako's lab study, which used nonce words. They then scaled up to token-level annotation of PropBank arguments, where a trusted annotator rated how likely each property was to hold for a highlighted argument.

The large-scale data confirm Dowty's prediction: arguments with more Proto-Agent properties tend to surface as subjects. The data also show heavy role fragmentation, with far more distinct property combinations than schemes such as VerbNet represent. On this basis the authors propose a new task, Semantic Proto-Role Labeling (SPRL). They release the resource and train baseline classifiers for it. The work matters because it offers a shareable, scalar alternative to categorical SRL labels.

## Key points

- **Corpus annotation:** 11 proto-role properties were annotated on roughly 5,000 PropBank verb tokens, totalling about 345 hours of human effort. The data are released via the JHU Decompositional Semantics Initiative (decomp.net).
- **Fragmentation:** about 800 discrete property configurations were observed in English, which is evidence of extensive role fragmentation.
- **Crowdsourcing check:** the nonce-word MTurk experiment reproduced Kako (2006) results, showing that this kind of lab study can be crowdsourced.
- **SPRL baseline:** separate L2-regularized log-linear classifiers were trained per property, each a 4-way task (ratings 1/3/5 or N/A). The 9,778 arguments were split into 7,823 train, 978 dev and 977 test. Three models were compared:
  - Null (intercept only),
  - Pos (adds argument position relative to the verb),
  - Full (adds verb embeddings).
- **Results:** test accuracy for "instigated" rose from 57.4 to 82.9, and for "changed state" from 45.9 to 58.0. The annotation process also surfaced a rare SemLink labeling bug.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

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## Cite

Cite as: Drew Reisinger, Rachel Rudinger, Francis Ferraro, Craig Harman, Kyle Rawlins and Benjamin Van Durme. 2015. Semantic Proto-Roles. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@article{reisinger2015semantic,
  title = {{Semantic Proto-Roles}},
  author = {Drew Reisinger, Rachel Rudinger, Francis Ferraro, Craig Harman, Kyle Rawlins and Benjamin {Van Durme}},
  journal = {Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year = {2015},
  doi = {10.1162/tacl\_a\_00152},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00152}
}
```

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## References

45 references, 5 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

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45. Stanford University Press. Ralph Weischedel, Martha Palmer, Mitchell Marcus, Eduard Hovy, Sameer Pradhan, Lance Ramshaw, Nianwen Xue, Ann Taylor, Jeff Kaufman, Michelle Franchini, Mohammed El-Bachouti, Robert Belvin, and Ann Houston. 2013. Ontonotes release 5.0 LDC2013T19. Linguistic Data Consortium… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Stanford+University+Press%2E+Ralph+Weischedel%2C+Martha+Palmer%2C+Mitchell+Marcus%2C+Eduard+Hovy%2C+Sameer+Pradhan%2C+Lance+Ramshaw%2C+Nianwen+Xue%2C+Ann+Taylor%2C+Jeff+Kaufman%2C+Michelle+Franchini%2C+Mohammed+El%2DBachouti)

*Updated 24 October 2026*