---
title: "Arabic WordNet — paper by Rodríguez et al. (2008)"
description: "The paper addresses how to grow Arabic WordNet (AWN) without making lexicographers judge every… 14 references, cited by 6 papers here."
authors: ["Horacio Rodríguez", "David Farwell", "Javi Ferreres", "Manuel Bertran", "Musa Alkhalifa", "M. Antonia Martí"]
year: 2008
venue: "Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'08)"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/L08-1211/"
licence: "CC BY-NC 4.0 (ELRA, LREC proceedings)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/rodriguez-2008-arabic-wordnet-semi-automatic-extensions/"
---
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# Arabic WordNet: Semi-automatic Extensions using Bayesian Inference

**Authors:** [Horacio Rodríguez](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/horacio-rodriguez/), [David Farwell](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/david-farwell/), Javi Ferreres, Manuel Bertran, [Musa Alkhalifa](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/musa-alkhalifa/) and [M. Antonia Martí](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/maria-antonia-marti/) · **Year:** 2008 · **Venue:** [Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'08)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/lrec/) ([LREC 2008](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/lrec/2008/)) · **Publisher:** [European Language Resources Association (ELRA)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/publishers/european-language-resources-association-elra/) · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC 4.0 (ELRA, LREC proceedings)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/L08-1211/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/L08-1211.pdf) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W37030977)

**Citations:** 24 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14) · [6](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/rodriguez-2008-arabic-wordnet-semi-automatic-extensions/cited-by/) in our library, of the 149,439 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
The paper addresses how to grow Arabic WordNet (AWN) without making lexicographers judge every candidate entry by hand. AWN was built manually on the EuroWordNet methodology and maps directly onto Princeton WordNet 2.0. The authors exploit Arabic root morphology: a small set of productive lexical rules derives related verbal, nominal and adjectival forms from existing verb entries. A C5.0 decision tree filters the overgenerated forms. The surviving words are translated to English with the NMSU lexicon and linked to PWN synsets, and then to synsets related to those. This produces a four-layer graph per base verb.

Earlier work scored the candidate word–synset pairs with graph heuristics. Here, the graph is turned into a Bayesian Network:
* edge directions are added greedily to avoid cycles;
* translation priors come from GIZA++ models trained on the UN corpus;
* noisy-or conditional probability tables are used.

Posterior synset probabilities rank the candidates. The BN doubles the number of candidates found by the heuristics. Intersecting BN output with the heuristic output gives the best F1 (0.62) and, at strict thresholds, precision of 0.71. Both results help to cut manual effort in building wordnets.

## Key points
- AWN at the time had 11,270 synsets and 23,496 Arabic expressions, including 1,142 named-entity synsets that were extracted automatically and were still under review.
- Every one of the 2,296 base verb forms gets its own BN, with four layers: Arabic words, English words, synsets S1 and related synsets S2. Each node may have at most 10 parents.
- Resources used: LOGOS conjugated-verb database, NMSU Arabic-English lexicon, Arabic Gigaword, the UN (2000–2002) Arabic-English corpus and GIZA++ word alignment.
- Results on the 11 evaluation verbs:

| Method | Candidates | Accepted | Precision | F1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heuristics (all) | 272 | 135 | 0.50 | 0.55 |
| BN, threshold 0 | 554 | 223 | 0.40 | 0.57 |
| BN ∩ heuristics, threshold 0 | 272 | 154 | 0.56 | 0.62 |

- Error analysis showed many rejections came from a missing shadda diacritic or a missing feminine form. Fixing these would raise accepted BN candidates at threshold 0.1 from 60 to 81 and precision from 0.60 to 0.67.

## Interesting ideas
- Treat a translation pivot graph (source word → English word → synset → related synset) as a probabilistic network: observe the source words as evidence and rank target senses by posterior probability, so synsets reached through many paths gain support.
- Generate candidate words with a few productive derivation rules on purpose, then remove the noise with a learned filter, rather than hand-curating every derived form.
- Use the total number of correct items found by the most permissive method as the recall ceiling when true gold recall is unknown.
- Intersect two independent scorers (structural heuristics and a probabilistic model) to obtain a high-precision subset for human review.
- Inspect rejected candidates for systematic surface causes (here, missing diacritics or gender forms) before blaming the model, because one fix can recover many items at once.

## For Mova

How these ideas could serve Mova, our small open language model — its files, stages and tests:

- **I1** (world): Unknown or rare English words could be attached to WordNet senses by propagating evidence from morphologically related known words, giving a scored and explainable ontology link instead of a guess.
- **I2** (tokens): English derivation (-er, -tion, -ness, un-) could propose lemmas and senses for out-of-vocabulary words, with a small classifier rejecting the bad ones.
- **I3** (learn): When evaluating silver-data extractors without full gold, the high-recall run's validated hits can serve as an explicit, documented recall denominator.
- **I4** (learn): Agreement between witness parsers or extractors can gate what enters silver data, with thresholds tuned along a precision–recall table like the paper's.
- **I5** (learn): Error buckets from rejected outputs could seed self-induced repair rules that address normalization issues in bulk.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

## Institutions

- [Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/universitat-politecnica-de-catalunya/) — University, Barcelona, Spain · 31 works · 15,636 citations
- [Universitat de Barcelona](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/universitat-de-barcelona/) — University, Barcelona, Spain · 12 works · 1,338 citations

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🧭 Topics (1): [Semitic languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/semitic-languages/) · 3,066 works

## Cite

Cite as: Horacio Rodríguez, David Farwell, Javi Ferreres, Manuel Bertran, Musa Alkhalifa and M. Antonia Martí. 2008. Arabic WordNet: Semi-automatic Extensions using Bayesian Inference. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'08).

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{rodriguez2008arabic,
  title = {{Arabic WordNet: Semi-automatic Extensions using Bayesian Inference}},
  author = {Horacio Rodríguez, David Farwell, Javi Ferreres, Manuel Bertran, Musa Alkhalifa and M. Antonia Martí},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'08)},
  year = {2008},
  doi = {10.63317/548nxvhkxqip},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.63317/548nxvhkxqip}
}
```

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## References

14 references, 1 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

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4. Black, W., Elkateb, S., Rodriguez, H, Alkhalifa, M., Vossen, P., Pease, A., and Fellbaum, C., (2006). Introducing the Arabic WordNet Project. In Proceedings of the Third International WordNet Conference, Fellbaum and Vossen (eds). [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Black%2C+W%2E%2C+Elkateb%2C+S%2E%2C+Rodriguez%2C+H%2C+Alkhalifa%2C+M%2E%2C+Vossen%2C+P%2E%2C+Pease%2C+A%2E%2C+and+Fellbaum%2C+C%2E%2C+%282006%29%2E+Introducing+the+Arabic+WordNet+Project%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+Third+International+WordNet+Conferen)
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*Updated 1 November 2026*