---
title: "Sub-lexical Dialogue Act Classification in a Spoken Dialogue"
description: "The paper tackles dialogue act (DA) classification for a conversational assistant that gives schedule, date and time information… 35 references."
authors: ["Ken Sadohara", "Hiroaki Kojima", "Takuya Narita", "Misato Nihei", "Minoru Kamata", "Shinichi Onaka", "Yoshihiro Fujita", "Takenobu Inoue"]
year: 2013
venue: "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/W13-3915/"
licence: "CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/sadohara-2013-sub-lexical-dialogue-act-classification/"
---
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# Sub-lexical Dialogue Act Classification in a Spoken Dialogue System Support for the Elderly with Cognitive Disabilities

**Authors:** Ken Sadohara, Hiroaki Kojima, Takuya Narita, Misato Nihei, Minoru Kamata, Shinichi Onaka, Yoshihiro Fujita and Takenobu Inoue · **Year:** 2013 · **Venue:** [Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/workshop-on-speech-and-language-processing-for-assistive-technologies/) ([Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies 2013](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/workshop-on-speech-and-language-processing-for-assistive-technologies/2013/)) · **Publisher:** [Association for Computational Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/publishers/association-for-computational-linguistics/) · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/W13-3915/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/W13-3915.pdf) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2251563426)

**Citations:** 5 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14)

## Summary
The paper tackles dialogue act (DA) classification for a conversational assistant that gives schedule, date and time information to elderly people with mild dementia. Lexical cues such as word n-grams are known to work well for DA tagging. Getting them from casual elderly speech, though, requires costly and often speaker-specific language modeling, and the resulting transcripts must still be normalized. The authors avoid this step entirely. Their classifier works directly on phoneme strings produced by a phoneme recognizer. Classification is done by an SVM whose kernel compares phoneme strings by scoring all of their possible sub-sequences, tolerating gaps and awarding partial credit for similar phonemes. The DA of the system's preceding utterance is added as context. The approach rests on one hypothesis: if words signal DAs, then word fragments should signal them too, and fragments can survive even when whole words are misrecognized. On a corpus of conversations between elderly users and the system, the sub-lexical classifier held up against weak language modeling and beat a lexical classifier based on word HMMs. This suggests a cheaper route to understanding speech from atypical speakers.

## Key points
- The corpus comes from 20 nursing-home residents (3 men, 17 women) with an average age of 82.9 (range 67–97) and a mean MMSE of 21.4 (range 9–30). It contains 7,123 annotated utterances, 4,080 of them from users, averaging about 1.7 s each.
- There are 12 application-specific DAs, such as Question, Confirmation Request, Attention Request, Repeat and Affirmative/Negative Backchannel. Two labelers agreed on 81.9% of utterances (κ = 0.782).
- The system follows a four-stage conversation protocol: catch attention, run a pre-sequence, deliver the information, then close. It can step back to an earlier stage if the user loses track.
- The baseline is a simplified version of Stolcke et al.'s HMM DA model. Because the system's own previous DA is known rather than hidden, the model reduces to the context prior P(U|U_R) times the likelihood of the user's utterance.
- The proposed kernel combines sub-sequence kernels of lengths up to p with weights γ_ℓ. It penalizes gaps, soft-matches phonemes, is normalized, and remains a valid Mercer kernel.

## Interesting ideas
- If whole words predict a class, their fragments should predict it too, so a classifier over sub-word pieces keeps working when the word itself is garbled or missing from the lexicon.
- A string similarity that tolerates gaps and gives graded credit to near-identical symbols absorbs insertion, deletion and substitution noise without a separate normalization stage.
- When the prior turn's act is observable, as with the system's own utterance, it can be used as a direct conditioning prior on the next act rather than inferred through a hidden Markov chain.
- Classifying straight from the raw surface signal can beat a pipeline that requires faithful transcription followed by a hard normalization step, because errors in the intermediate stage stop propagating.

## For Mova

How these ideas could serve Mova, our small open language model — its files, stages and tests:

- **I1** (tokens): The tagger and lemmatizer could fall back on scored character sub-sequences for unknown or misspelled words instead of emitting an unknown tag, and still record which fragments drove the decision.
- **I2** (tokens): A soft-matching substring kernel could map noisy spellings or informal contractions to known lemmas, and the matched pieces would serve as an explanation.
- **I3** (frames): Speech-act tagging in prag could condition on the already-resolved act of the previous turn, for example raising the probability of an answer after a question, which keeps dialogue reasoning simple and traceable.
- **I4** (learn): In evaluation runs, Mova could compare each pipeline stage against a bypass classifier that skips that stage, as a control that shows whether the intermediate representation actually helps the downstream task.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

## Institutions

- [National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/labs/national-institute-of-advanced-industrial-science-and-technology/) — Research institute, Tsukuba, Japan · 13 works · 2,747 citations

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🧭 Topics (2): [🗨️ Dialogue systems](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/dialogue-systems/) · 401 works · [💬 Speech act theory](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/speech-act-theory/) · 160 works

## Cite

Cite as: Ken Sadohara, Hiroaki Kojima, Takuya Narita, Misato Nihei, Minoru Kamata, Shinichi Onaka, Yoshihiro Fujita and Takenobu Inoue. 2013. Sub-lexical Dialogue Act Classification in a Spoken Dialogue System Support for the Elderly with Cognitive Disabilities. Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{sadohara2013sub,
  title = {{Sub-lexical Dialogue Act Classification in a Spoken Dialogue System Support for the Elderly with Cognitive Disabilities}},
  author = {Ken Sadohara, Hiroaki Kojima, Takuya Narita, Misato Nihei, Minoru Kamata, Shinichi Onaka, Yoshihiro Fujita and Takenobu Inoue},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies},
  year = {2013},
  url = {https://aclanthology.org/W13-3915/}
}
```

- [← previous Labeled Alignment for Recognizing Textual Entailment](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/wang-2013-labeled-alignment-recognizing-textual-entailment/)
- [next → Veridicity annotation in the lexicon? A look at factive adjectives](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zaenen-2013-veridicity-annotation-lexicon-look-factive/)
- [↑ back to papers of 2013](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/2013/page/2/)

## References

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*Updated 24 October 2026*