--- title: "Multiword Expressions: A Pain in the Neck for NLP — Sag 2002" description: "It proposes a classification. Cited by 481 papers here." authors: ["Ivan A. Sag", "Timothy Baldwin", "Francis Bond", "Ann Copestake", "Dan Flickinger"] year: 2002 venue: "CICLing 2002, LNCS 2276 (Springer), 1–15" source: "https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45715-1_1" doi: "10.1007/3-540-45715-1_1" licence: "no legal open copy found — card only" summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License" canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/sag-2002-multiword-expressions-pain-neck-nlp/" --- [Elamur Research](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/sag-2002-multiword-expressions-pain-neck-nlp/) [home](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [papers](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/) / [2002](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/2002/) / Multiword Expressions: A Pain in the Neck for NLP # Multiword Expressions: A Pain in the Neck for NLP **Authors:** [Ivan A. Sag](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/ivan-a-sag/), [Timothy Baldwin](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/timothy-baldwin/), [Francis Bond](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/francis-bond/), [Ann Copestake](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/ann-copestake/) and [Dan Flickinger](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/dan-flickinger/) · **Year:** 2002 · **Venue:** CICLing 2002, LNCS 2276 (Springer), 1–15 **Link:** [doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45715-1 1](https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45715-1_1) · **Licence:** copyrighted (Springer), no legal open copy found — card only, summary only · **Status:** not read [**1,016** citations](https://openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1498763386) OpenAlex, 2026-10-14 · [**481** citations in our library](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/sag-2002-multiword-expressions-pain-neck-nlp/cited-by/) of the 140,884 papers whose bibliographies we read · [CICLing 2002, LNCS 2276 (Springer), 1–15](https://openalex.org/S106296714) - [Publisher's page](https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45715-1_1) - [DOI 10.1007/3-540-45715-1_1](https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45715-1_1) - [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W1498763386) **Authors (5)** 1. [Ivan A. Sag](https://openalex.org/A5025655522) [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/2393013) · h 46 · 20,208 citations · 150 works 2. [Timothy Baldwin](https://openalex.org/A5103085805) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4445-1386) · [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/145465286) · h 54 · 12,068 citations · 411 works 3. [Francis Bond](https://openalex.org/A5044280576) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4973-8068) · [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/145440721) · h 25 · 3,348 citations · 205 works 4. [Ann Copestake](https://openalex.org/A5012396877) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0347-946X) · [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/15379653) · h 33 · 5,852 citations · 120 works 5. [Dan Flickinger](https://openalex.org/A5089106912) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7959-999X) · [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/3209288) · h 31 · 5,030 citations · 90 works Citations and author metrics: OpenAlex, 2026-10-14; authors with the same name are not always told apart. ## What it is about Not read: this card is written from what is reliably known about the paper, and every idea is marked to check against the text. The paper argues that multiword expressions are frequent and that neither treating them as single "words with spaces" nor treating them as fully compositional works. It names two problems: idiomaticity (the meaning or syntax is not predictable from the parts) and overgeneration (a naive compositional grammar licenses variants nobody says). It proposes a classification. Lexicalised phrases split into fixed expressions (no variation at all), semi-fixed expressions (non-decomposable idioms, compound nominals, proper names: inflection but little else) and syntactically flexible expressions (verb-particle constructions, decomposable idioms whose parts carry meaning and can be passivised or modified, light-verb constructions). Institutionalised phrases are compositional but conventional, such as fixed collocations. Each class gets a different treatment in an HPSG grammar. ## Ideas - I3. Light-verb constructions in the frames reader: a light verb plus an eventive noun yields the noun's frame with the verb's subject as agent, so the world records the event, not the light verb. Measure on teacher-checked sentences from the tale lessons. (to check: the paper's treatment) - I4. Institutionalised phrases are a frequency fact, not a grammar fact: keep them as a counted list with a score and do not give them special syntax. (to check) ## For Mova - I1. The class as an enum: every entry of the pragmatics expressions base and the `en` dictionary's multiword entries gets one of the paper's classes, and the class decides what the parser allows (words-with-spaces only for fixed expressions; inflection for semi-fixed; full syntax with a lexical link for flexible ones). (to check: the exact class names and boundaries) - I2. Decomposable versus non-decomposable idioms as a test: an idiom whose parts carry meaning allows passive and internal modification, one that does not keeps its literal reading in those frames. Write minimal pairs into [languages/en/19-lexicon-mwe-register.md](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en/19-lexicon-mwe-register/) and test that `prag` reads the idiom only where the class allows it. Negative control: the literal sentence must not get the idiomatic reading. (to check) The chapter is [languages/en/19-lexicon-mwe-register.md](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en/19-lexicon-mwe-register/); the code is `en/src/dict.rs`, `en/src/parse.rs`, and the expression reader and frames in `prag` (`prag/src/frames.rs`). The card holds only our summary. ## Institutions [🎓**Stanford University** Stanford · United States 248 works · 214,804 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/stanford-university/) · [🎓**University of Cambridge** Cambridge · United Kingdom 119 works · 110,950 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-cambridge/) · [🏢**NTT** Tokyo · Japan 18 works · 4,496 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/companies/ntt/) Topics[Idioms & multiword expressions](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/multiword-expressions/) ## Cite Cite as Ivan A. Sag, Timothy Baldwin, Francis Bond, Ann Copestake and Dan Flickinger. 2002. Multiword Expressions: A Pain in the Neck for NLP. CICLing 2002, LNCS 2276 (Springer), 1–15. The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. [DOI 10.1007/3-540-45715-1_1](https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45715-1_1) ```bibtex @article{sag2002multiword, title = {{Multiword Expressions: A Pain in the Neck for NLP}}, author = {Ivan A. Sag, Timothy Baldwin, Francis Bond, Ann Copestake and Dan Flickinger}, journal = {CICLing 2002, LNCS 2276 (Springer), 1–15}, year = {2002}, doi = {10.1007/3-540-45715-1\_1}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45715-1_1} } ``` - [← previous Learning Question Classifiers](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/li-2002-learning-question-classifiers/) - [next → Discriminative Training and Maximum Entropy Models for Statistical Machine Translation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/och-2002-discriminative-training-maximum-entropy-models/) - [↑ back to papers of 2002](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/2002/)