---
title: "A Few Topical Tweets are Enough for Effective — Samih 2021"
description: "The paper addresses user-level stance detection on Twitter for users who rarely post about a target, often with only one or two relevant tweets."
authors: ["Younes Samih", "Kareem Darwish"]
year: 2021
venue: "Proceedings of the 16th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Main Volume"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/2021.eacl-main.227/"
doi: "10.18653/v1/2021.eacl-main.227"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/samih-2021-few-topical-tweets-are-enough/"
---
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# A Few Topical Tweets are Enough for Effective User Stance Detection

**Authors:** [Younes Samih](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/younes-samih/), [Kareem Darwish](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/kareem-darwish/) · **Year:** 2021 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the 16th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Main Volume · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2021.eacl-main.227/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2021.eacl-main.227.pdf) · [DOI 10.18653/v1/2021.eacl-main.227](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.eacl-main.227) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W3154545600)

**Citations:** 29 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · [11](#cited-by) in our library, of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
The paper addresses user-level stance detection on Twitter for users who rarely post about a target, often with only one or two relevant tweets. Unsupervised clustering already labels prolific users almost perfectly, but it fails on these quieter users. The authors use eight polarized US-centric topics, including gun control, climate change, the Kavanaugh nomination and vaccination. They build the training data automatically: the most active users are clustered, and balanced sets of 500 users per stance are sampled. For testing, they manually annotate about 100 low-activity users per topic.

They test two strategies. The first fine-tunes BERT on each topic to classify users from their few topical tweets, and it beats SVM and fastText baselines. The second retrieves each test user's broader timeline, even when it is off-topic, and places the user in the clusters of already-labeled users. This exploits homophily, since like-minded users tend to retweet the same accounts. Timeline expansion with unsupervised clustering gives the best results. Fine-tuned BERT is the recommended option when timelines cannot be obtained. Together, the two methods make it possible to label both vocal and non-vocal users largely automatically.

## Key points
- **Training labels:** They come from the unsupervised method of Darwish et al. (2020), applied to the top 5,000 users with at least 10 tweets. Similarity is based on retweeted accounts, users are projected with UMAP and then clustered with mean shift. This method's accuracy was estimated at about 98%.
- **BERT without expansion:** 89.6% accuracy and 91.3% macro F, significantly above the SVM and fastText baselines.
- **Timeline expansion with unsupervised clustering:** 95.6% accuracy and 93.1% macro F. Expanding timelines also improved some supervised configurations.
- **BERT errors (129 misclassified tweets):** They fall into four types: unexplained, vague, quoting the opposing side, and sarcasm. A LIME analysis showed that BERT also relied on retweeted accounts and on correlations between topics.
- **Clustering errors (15 misclassified users, 7 from Kavanaugh):** The main cause was too few retweets of political or topical accounts. Other causes were non-US accounts and users departing from their group's typical stance.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/linguistics/)

## Cited by

Cited by

11 papers of our library cite it (of the 140673 whose bibliographies we read); 1 of them have a page here, 10 not yet.

- [Acquired TASTE: Multimodal Stance Detection with Textual and Structural Embeddings](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/barel-2025-acquired-taste-multimodal-stance-detection/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{samih2021few,
  title = {{A Few Topical Tweets are Enough for Effective User Stance Detection}},
  author = {Samih, Younes and Darwish, Kareem},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 16th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Main Volume},
  year = {2021},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/2021.eacl-main.227},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.eacl-main.227}
}
```

- [← previous A Falta de Pan, Buenas Son Tortas: The Efficacy of Predicted UPOS Tags for Low Resource UD Parsing](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/anderson-2021-falta-de-pan-buenas-son/)
- [next → A Fine-Grained Analysis of BERTScore](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/hanna-2021-fine-grained-analysis-bertscore/)
- [↑ back to papers of 2021](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/2021/)

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