---
title: "Translation in the Hands of Many — paper by Savoldi et al. (2025)"
description: "From this they propose three dimensions that shape lay users' interactions with MT: usability, trust… 124 references, cited by 10 papers here."
authors: ["Beatrice Savoldi", "Alan Ramponi", "Matteo Negri", "Luisa Bentivogli"]
year: 2025
venue: "Proceedings of the 2025 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/2025.emnlp-main.700/"
doi: "10.18653/v1/2025.emnlp-main.700"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/savoldi-2025-translation-hands-many-centering-lay/"
---
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# Translation in the Hands of Many: Centering Lay Users in Machine Translation Interactions

**Authors:** [Beatrice Savoldi](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/beatrice-savoldi/), [Alan Ramponi](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/alan-ramponi/), [Matteo Negri](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/matteo-negri/) and [Luisa Bentivogli](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/luisa-bentivogli/) · **Year:** 2025 · **Venue:** [Proceedings of the 2025 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/emnlp/) ([EMNLP 2025](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/emnlp/2025/)) · **Publisher:** [Association for Computational Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/publishers/association-for-computational-linguistics/) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2025.emnlp-main.700/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2025.emnlp-main.700.pdf) · [DOI 10.18653/v1/2025.emnlp-main.700](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.emnlp-main.700) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W4416036307)

**Citations:** 6 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14) · [10](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/savoldi-2025-translation-hands-many-centering-lay/cited-by/) in our library, of the 149,439 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
This position paper from Fondazione Bruno Kessler argues that MT research has not kept up with who actually uses machine translation today. MT has moved from professional post-editing workflows to direct use by the general public, increasingly through chat-based multilingual LLMs. Many of these lay users know little about the languages involved or the technology, and they use raw MT output in casual settings and in high-stakes ones such as healthcare, migration and emergency services. The authors run no user experiments. Instead, they trace how MT user profiles have changed and survey interdisciplinary literature from NLP, translation studies and HCI. From this they propose three dimensions that shape lay users' interactions with MT: usability, trust and literacy. For each, they outline open problems, such as evaluation that ignores real-world usefulness, misplaced trust in fluent but wrong output, and users' limited ability to recover from errors. They then sketch research directions toward more user-centered MT. The paper matters because it reframes MT quality around the people who rely on it, which is especially relevant for vulnerable and low-resource language communities.

## Key points
- **Literature trends:** A query of the ACL Anthology for 2015–2024 shows MT research increasingly involving LLMs. Attention to users is rising, especially in LLM-related work.
- **The three factors:**
  - *Usability* is defined following ISO (2018) and is linked to criticism of leaderboard-driven evaluation.
  - *Trust* covers over-reliance on fluent but incorrect output. Lay users often fall back on manual back-translation, whose soundness is debated.
  - *Literacy* builds on the "MT literacy" concept of Bowker and Ciro (2019), including skills such as pre-editing input text.
- **Resource:** The authors release a curated list of the reviewed works at github.com/hlt-mt/awesome-human-centered-MT.
- **Scope and limitations:**
  - The paper covers text-to-text MT only; speech and multimodal translation are left for future work.
  - The three factors are described as a starting point rather than an exhaustive list.
  - The authors acknowledge that user studies will slow the research cycle.
- **Policy links:** The chosen factors connect to wider debates, including the EU AI Act's emphasis on trustworthiness and AI literacy. The paper also recommends borrowing HCI methods such as Wizard of Oz testing.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

## Institutions

- [Fondazione Bruno Kessler](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/labs/fondazione-bruno-kessler/) — Research institute, Trento, Italy · 35 works · 43,945 citations

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🧭 Topics (1): [🔁 Machine translation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/machine-translation/) · 1,087 works

## Cite

Cite as: Beatrice Savoldi, Alan Ramponi, Matteo Negri and Luisa Bentivogli. 2025. Translation in the Hands of Many: Centering Lay Users in Machine Translation Interactions. Proceedings of the 2025 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{savoldi2025translation,
  title = {{Translation in the Hands of Many: Centering Lay Users in Machine Translation Interactions}},
  author = {Beatrice Savoldi, Alan Ramponi, Matteo Negri and Luisa Bentivogli},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2025 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing},
  year = {2025},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/2025.emnlp-main.700},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.emnlp-main.700}
}
```

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## References

124 references, 14 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

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*Updated 31 October 2026*