---
title: "SemEval-2020 Task 1 — Schlechtweg 2020"
description: "Research on lexical semantic change (LSC), meaning how word meanings shift over time, has had no shared gold standard, so published models could not be…"
authors: ["Dominik Schlechtweg", "Barbara McGillivray", "Simon Hengchen", "Haim Dubossarsky", "Nina Tahmasebi"]
year: 2020
venue: "Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Semantic Evaluation"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/2020.semeval-1.1/"
doi: "10.18653/v1/2020.semeval-1.1"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/schlechtweg-2020-semeval-2020-task-1-unsupervised/"
---
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# SemEval-2020 Task 1: Unsupervised Lexical Semantic Change Detection

**Authors:** [Dominik Schlechtweg](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/dominik-schlechtweg/), Barbara McGillivray, [Simon Hengchen](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/simon-hengchen/), Haim Dubossarsky, Nina Tahmasebi · **Year:** 2020 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Semantic Evaluation · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2020.semeval-1.1/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2020.semeval-1.1.pdf) · [DOI 10.18653/v1/2020.semeval-1.1](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.semeval-1.1) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W3115228514)

**Citations:** 172 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · [179](#cited-by) in our library, of the 140884 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
Research on lexical semantic change (LSC), meaning how word meanings shift over time, has had no shared gold standard, so published models could not be compared fairly. This SemEval-2020 shared task fills that gap. It provides an unsupervised evaluation setup with two subtasks. The first is a binary decision on whether a target word gained or lost a sense between two time-specific corpora. The second ranks target words by how strongly they changed. The organisers built pairs of corpora for English, German, Latin and Swedish. Target words were drawn from historical dictionaries and balanced against stable control words of matching POS and frequency. Gold labels come from about 100,000 human relatedness judgments made with an extended DURel framework. In total, 33 teams entered 186 systems. Neither subtask was solved. Static type embeddings unexpectedly beat contextual token embeddings, though their outputs were strongly biased by word frequency. The benchmark matters because it lets researchers test LSC models consistently across languages.

## Key points
- **Corpora:** The data comes from CCOHA (English), DTA versus BZ+ND (German), LatinISE (Latin) and Kubhist (Swedish). For copyright reasons, the released texts are lemmatised and their sentences shuffled.
- **Annotation:** For each target word, up to 100 uses per period were sampled. Annotators rated pairs of uses on the 4-point DURel scale, from unrelated (1) to identical (4). There were 9 annotators for English, 8 for German and 5 for Swedish, all native speakers.
- **No training data:** Participants received no training data, and the trial labels were random. For development, they were pointed to the existing datasets DURel, SemCor LSC and WSC.
- **Frequency bias:** Type embeddings beat token embeddings on both subtasks, but some models' predictions correlated with frequency at above 0.8.
- **Polysemy:** Gold change scores correlate substantially with polysemy, while model predictions are only moderately biased toward it. The authors suggest controlling future test sets for polysemy.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/linguistics/)

## Cited by

Cited by

179 papers of our library cite it (of the 140884 whose bibliographies we read); 9 of them have a page here, 170 not yet.

- [MacBERTh: Development and Evaluation of a Historically Pre-trained Language Model for English (1450-1950)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/arevalo-2021-macberth-development-evaluation-historically-pre/)
- [Interpretable Word Sense Representations via Definition Generation: The Case of Semantic Change Analysis](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/lex-2023-giulianelli-definition-generation-senses/)
- [In the LLM era, Word Sense Induction remains unsolved](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/lex-2025-mosolova-wsi-unsolved/)
- [Insights from Transfer Learning Experiments with Word-in-Context and Word Sense Disambiguation Models](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/mujko-2026-insights-transfer-learning-experiments-word/)
- [Semantic Change Characterization with LLMs using Rhetorics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/sa-2026-semantic-change-characterization-llms-rhetorics/)
- [The LSCD Benchmark: a Testbed for Diachronic Word Meaning Tasks](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/schlechtweg-2026-lscd-benchmark-testbed-diachronic-word/)
- [Transparent Semantic Change Detection with Dependency-Based Profiles](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/tat-2026-transparent-semantic-change-detection-dependency/)
- [AmDi - Ambiguous Words Diachronic Dataset](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/thielen-2026-amdi-ambiguous-words-diachronic-dataset/)
- [Can Large Language Models Transform Computational Social Science?](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ziems-2023-large-language-models-transform-computational/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{schlechtweg2020semeval,
  title = {{SemEval-2020 Task 1: Unsupervised Lexical Semantic Change Detection}},
  author = {Schlechtweg, Dominik and McGillivray, Barbara and Hengchen, Simon and Dubossarsky, Haim and Tahmasebi, Nina},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Semantic Evaluation},
  year = {2020},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/2020.semeval-1.1},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.semeval-1.1}
}
```

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## References

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