---
title: "Sobre as noções ‘nativo’/não nativo’ — paper by Schmitz (2009)"
description: "As a remedy, he proposes a working typology of six senses: age-of-acquisition loyalty objective proficiency, which has a… 50 references."
authors: ["John Robert Schmitz"]
year: 2009
venue: "Signótica 21"
source: "http://www.revistas.ufg.br/index.php/sig/article/view/9161"
doi: "10.5216/sig.v21i2.9161"
licence: "CC BY (journal licence per DOAJ; Signótica)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/schmitz-2009-sobre-nocoes-nativo-nao-nativo/"
---
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# Sobre as noções ‘nativo’/não nativo’: uma dicotomia perigosa para o inglês global? On the notions “native”/”nonnative”: a dangerous dichotomy for World Englishes?

**Authors:** John Robert Schmitz · **Year:** 2009 · **Venue:** Signótica 21 · **Licence:** [CC BY (journal licence per DOAJ; Signótica)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://doi.org/10.5216/sig.v21i2.9161) · [PDF](https://revistas.ufg.br/sig/article/download/9161/15322) · [DOI 10.5216/sig.v21i2.9161](https://doi.org/10.5216/sig.v21i2.9161) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2028981792)

**Citations:** 2 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14)

## Summary
The paper asks whether the labels "native speaker" and "nonnative speaker" still belong in applied linguistics now that English is spoken worldwide. Schmitz uses Kachru's three-circle model of World Englishes (inner, outer and expanding circles) and reviews critics such as Singh et al. (1995) and Rajagopalan (1997). These critics show that the term has been used to rank people by race and birthplace. It has also cast fluent outer-circle users, for example speakers of Indian or Singaporean English, as permanent learners whose output counts as defective.

Schmitz does not argue for dropping the notion. He argues that the real problem is that several distinct meanings get merged into one. As a remedy, he proposes a working typology of six senses:
- age-of-acquisition
- loyalty
- objective proficiency, which has a subjective counterpart
- the Chomskyan ideal speaker
- blood
- historical antecedence

Keeping these senses apart lets researchers retain the useful ones and reject the discriminatory ones. This matters because decisions about errors, interlanguage and norms all depend on which sense is assumed.

## Key points
- The typology distinguishes six senses: (a) native by age of acquisition, (b) native by loyalty, (c) native by objective proficiency (alongside a "subjective" proficiency native who merely believes in their own competence, following Preisler), (d) the idealized native speaker of Chomsky's theory, (e) native by blood, and (f) native by historical antecedence.
- Kachru's circles frame the debate. BE, AE and CE are usually called "native" varieties, while IE, BNE (Brunei) and SE are called "nonnative". The author stresses that nativeness is a property of people, not of varieties.
- Owusu-Ansah (1991) studied coordination of unequal grammatical units by Ghanaian university students. He argued that calling such patterns errors or interlanguage makes little sense when competent users produce them routinely.
- Singh et al. (1995) claim that no structural feature occurs in all "nonnative" varieties of English and in none of the "native" ones.
- Many so-called nonnative scholars became authorities on English, including Jespersen, Poutsma, Wierzbicka, Granger, Kuno and Zandvoort. The author treats this as evidence against equating birthplace with expertise.

## Interesting ideas
- Split an overloaded label into explicitly named senses instead of keeping one binary, so that each claim states which sense it uses.
- Attach an attribute to the entity type it actually belongs to, as with nativeness belonging to speakers rather than to varieties.
- A deviation that is systematic across competent users is better described as a variant than as an error.
- Separate believed competence from measured competence, as in the subjective versus objective proficiency distinction.
- Acceptability judgments made on isolated, context-free sentences (the Chomskyan ideal speaker) leave out the situation in which language is actually used.

## For Mova

How these ideas could serve Mova, our small open language model — its files, stages and tests:

- **I1** (world): Relations such as "speaks X natively" in the ontology could carry a sense tag (acquisition, proficiency, loyalty, ethnicity), so that reasoning never silently swaps one sense for another.
- **I2** (tree): During UD dialect conversion, Indian or Singaporean English constructions can be treated as features of a variety with its own norms, not as speaker noise to be normalized away.
- **I3** (learn): Before a self-induced repair rule "fixes" a construction, check whether the construction appears consistently in fluent text; if it does, record it as a legitimate variant.
- **I4** (learn): A witness parser's self-confidence should be kept apart from its measured accuracy on gold or negative-control data when weighting its vote in silver agreement.
- **I5** (frames): Pragmatic judgments such as implicature or irony should be evaluated with the surrounding discourse and participants, not on single sentences alone.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

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## Cite

Cite as: John Robert Schmitz. 2009. Sobre as noções ‘nativo’/não nativo’: uma dicotomia perigosa para o inglês global? On the notions “native”/”nonnative”: a dangerous dichotomy for World Englishes?. Signótica 21.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{schmitz2009sobre,
  title = {{Sobre as noções ‘nativo’/não nativo’: uma dicotomia perigosa para o inglês global? On the notions “native”/”nonnative”: a dangerous dichotomy for World Englishes?}},
  author = {John Robert Schmitz},
  booktitle = {Signótica 21},
  year = {2009},
  doi = {10.5216/sig.v21i2.9161},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.5216/sig.v21i2.9161}
}
```

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*Updated 29 October 2026*