---
title: "Comprehensive Annotation of Multiword Expressions in a Social Web Corpus — Schneider 2014"
description: "The authors annotate every multiword expression (MWE) in a web corpus of about 55,000 words, sentence by sentence… 33 references, cited by 46 papers here."
authors: ["Nathan Schneider", "Spencer Onuffer", "Nora Kazour", "Emily Danchik", "Michael T. Mordowanec", "Henrietta Conrad", "Noah A. Smith"]
year: 2014
venue: "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'14)"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/L14-1433/"
doi: "10.63317/3gxuv6a55fkt"
licence: "CC BY-NC 4.0 (ELRA, LREC proceedings)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/schneider-2014-comprehensive-annotation-multiword-expressions-social/"
---
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# Comprehensive Annotation of Multiword Expressions in a Social Web Corpus

**Authors:** [Nathan Schneider](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/nathan-schneider/), Spencer Onuffer, Nora Kazour et al. · **Year:** 2014 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2014) **Link:** [aclanthology.org/L14-1433](https://aclanthology.org/L14-1433/) · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) (LREC proceedings) — summary only

[**74** citations](https://openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W638675188) OpenAlex, 2026-10-14 · [**46** citations in our library](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/schneider-2014-comprehensive-annotation-multiword-expressions-social/cited-by/) of the 140,884 papers whose bibliographies we read · [Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'14)](https://aclanthology.org/volumes/L14-1/) · [licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)

- [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/L14-1433/)
- [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/L14-1433.pdf)
- [DOI 10.63317/3gxuv6a55fkt](https://doi.org/10.63317/3gxuv6a55fkt)
- [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W638675188)

**Authors (7)**

1. [Nathan Schneider](https://openalex.org/A5014008069) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2745-0533) · [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/145254207) · h 28 · 6,580 citations · 159 works
2. [Spencer Onuffer](https://openalex.org/A5041044851) [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/2641566) · h 2 · 76 citations · 2 works
3. [Nora Kazour](https://openalex.org/A5034391449) [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/2911298) · h 1 · 74 citations · 1 works
4. [Emily Danchik](https://openalex.org/A5067644215) [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/2072361) · h 2 · 170 citations · 4 works
5. [Michael T. Mordowanec](https://openalex.org/A5024302330) [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/3337309) · h 2 · 79 citations · 2 works
6. [Henrietta Conrad](https://openalex.org/A5050536612) [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/40033562) · h 1 · 74 citations · 1 works
7. [Noah A. Smith](https://openalex.org/A5088517824) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2310-6380) · [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/144365875) · h 93 · 38,892 citations · 484 works

Citations and author metrics: OpenAlex, 2026-10-14; authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## What it is about

The authors annotate every multiword expression (MWE) in a web corpus of about 55,000 words, sentence by sentence, without limiting the kinds of MWE. Groups of tokens need not be contiguous, and each MWE is either strong (idiomatic) or weak (a collocation). The corpus covers 723 documents and 3,812 sentences. It has 3,483 MWEs, which contain 15% of all tokens, and 87% of them are strong. 73% of the MWEs have two tokens and 21% have three. 15% of MWEs contain a gap, and 57% of sentences contain at least one MWE. Agreement is modest: the average inter-annotator F1 over ten pairs of five annotators is 65% on 200 sentences, and it rises to 77% between two pairs that negotiated their analyses. The guidelines cover verb-particle, verb-preposition and verb-noun expressions and proper names.

## Ideas

- I2. Strength as a score: keep strong and weak MWEs as two levels in the expression base, and let a rule choose the strong reading only where the gold analysis is strong. Measure the strong-versus-weak split on the corpus, as a test only.

## For Mova

- I1. `prag` expressions (read by meaning) and `en/src/tok.rs`: add a gap-aware matcher over the tagged tokens for verb-particle and verb-preposition MWEs such as "take ... into account", since the table automaton cannot match gaps. Measure the recall on this corpus's gappy MWEs, as a test only.
- I3. Gate for `annot` silver MWEs: use the paper's partial-credit F1 (a match if the groups overlap) on a 200-sentence hand-annotated sample, and accept a silver batch only when the pair-to-negotiated agreement pattern holds.

The touch points are `en/src/tok.rs` (table automaton, multiword units), `prag` expressions, and `annot` for silver checks. The chapters are [languages/en/19-lexicon-mwe-register.md](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en/19-lexicon-mwe-register/) and [languages/en/22-phrases.md](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en/22-phrases/). The annotations are CC BY-NC, so the corpus is test-only; nothing from it enters the build. Measure first the gap recall of a gappy-MWE matcher against this corpus on the EWT sentences it covers.

## Institutions

[🎓**Carnegie Mellon University** Pittsburgh · United States 278 works · 138,810 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/carnegie-mellon-university/)

Topics[Idioms & multiword expressions](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/multiword-expressions/)

## Cite

Cite as Nathan Schneider, Spencer Onuffer, Nora Kazour, Emily Danchik, Michael T. Mordowanec, Henrietta Conrad and Noah A. Smith. 2014. Comprehensive Annotation of Multiword Expressions in a Social Web Corpus. Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'14).

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. [DOI 10.63317/3gxuv6a55fkt](https://doi.org/10.63317/3gxuv6a55fkt)

```bibtex
@inproceedings{schneider2014comprehensive,
  title = {{Comprehensive Annotation of Multiword Expressions in a Social Web Corpus}},
  author = {Nathan Schneider, Spencer Onuffer, Nora Kazour, Emily Danchik, Michael T. Mordowanec, Henrietta Conrad and Noah A. Smith},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'14)},
  year = {2014},
  doi = {10.63317/3gxuv6a55fkt},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.63317/3gxuv6a55fkt}
}
```

- [← previous A Comparison of the Events and Relations Across ACE, ERE, TAC-KBP, and FrameNet Annotation Standards](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/aguilar-2014-comparison-events-relations-across-ace/)
- [next → Lexical Chaining for Measuring Discourse Coherence Quality in Test-taker Essays](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/somasundaran-2014-lexical-chaining-measuring-discourse-coherence/)
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