---
title: "Frequency Matters: Pitch Accents and Information Status (2009)"
description: "The paper examines whether a word's information status (given or new) and the frequency of a pitch accent category affect… 29 references."
authors: ["Katrin Schweitzer", "Michael Walsh", "Bernd Möbius", "Arndt Riester", "Antje Schweitzer", "Hinrich Schütze"]
year: 2009
venue: "Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the European Chapter of the ACL (EACL 2009)"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/E09-1083/"
licence: "CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/schweitzer-2009-frequency-matters-pitch-accents-information/"
---
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# Frequency Matters: Pitch Accents and Information Status

**Authors:** Katrin Schweitzer, Michael Walsh, [Bernd Möbius](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/bernd-mobius/), [Arndt Riester](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/arndt-riester/), Antje Schweitzer and [Hinrich Schütze](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/hinrich-schutze/) · **Year:** 2009 · **Venue:** [Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the European Chapter of the ACL (EACL 2009)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/eacl/) ([EACL 2009](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/eacl/2009/)) · **Publisher:** [Association for Computational Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/publishers/association-for-computational-linguistics/) · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/E09-1083/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/E09-1083.pdf) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W7097605480)

**Citations:** 0 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14)

## Summary
The paper examines whether a word's information status (given or new) and the frequency of a pitch accent category affect how consistently speakers produce tokens of that accent. The data are German radio news from the IMS Radio News Corpus, manually labelled with GToBI(S) accents and annotated for information status from the text alone using Riester's taxonomy. Each accent token's F0 contour is described by the six parameters of the PaIntE model, then z-scored. Within-type similarity is the cosine between pairs of token vectors, and the resulting similarity distributions are compared statistically. The analysis is framed by Exemplar Theory, which offers two competing expectations: more stored exemplars could produce more variation, or entrenchment could make frequent behaviour more uniform. The results show that rarer accent types (H∗L compared with L∗H) and rarer combinations of accent and information status have more similar tokens. Information status adds to the frequency effect. For speech technology, this means frequent accents do not map neatly onto one F0 shape.

## Key points
- After the 2.5% upper and lower outliers were removed for each PaIntE parameter, 1021 L∗H, 571 H∗L and 134 H∗ tokens remained, giving a frequency continuum from high to low.
- The six PaIntE parameters are rise and fall gradients (a1, a2), alignment (b), rise and fall amplitudes (c1, c2) and peak height (d). For H∗L and H∗, the fitting window now includes the preaccented syllable.
- The corpus has three speakers, and 77.92% of the analysed data comes from the male speaker. Information status was labelled independently by two annotators, with a third, more experienced annotator resolving conflicts. Only unambiguous labels were used.
- Pairwise distribution comparisons used a conservative threshold of p \< 0.017. Given and new tokens differed significantly for both L∗H and H∗L.
- Ordered by increasing similarity, the combinations were given L∗H (114 tokens) and new L∗H (102), then new H∗L (87), then given H∗L (44). H∗ had too few tokens to interpret (10 given, 21 new).

## Interesting ideas
- The paper quantifies how uniform a category's realisations are by using the spread of pairwise cosine similarities among token feature vectors, then compares this spread across categories of different frequency.
- Each label was assigned by two independent annotators, and a more experienced third party decided only where they disagreed.
- Ambiguous cases keep multiple information-status labels as underspecification, but all measurements use only the unambiguous cases.
- Information status is assigned from text alone, according to where a presupposition is resolved (discourse, environment, or encyclopaedic context).
- Feature distributions are trimmed at the 2.5% tails before comparison, and a stricter significance level is used because many pairwise tests are run.

## For Mova

How these ideas could serve Mova, our small open language model — its files, stages and tests:

- **I1** (learn): Pairwise similarity distributions over parser feature vectors for each relation label could flag frequent labels that are internally heterogeneous and may need splitting or repair rules.
- **I2** (learn): Silver data could follow the same pattern, with witness parsers labelling independently and an LLM teacher tier called only to resolve their disagreements.
- **I3** (frames): Coreference and givenness tags could store several candidate labels when a mention is ambiguous, with evaluation restricted to single-label mentions.
- **I4** (world): Each entity in the text world could record which source licenses it, such as earlier mention, situation, or world knowledge, which would give an explainable basis for given/new decisions.
- **I5** (learn): Evaluations that compare many systems or label groups could trim extremes first and correct for multiple comparisons, reducing spurious "improvements".

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

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## Cite

Cite as: Katrin Schweitzer, Michael Walsh, Bernd Möbius, Arndt Riester, Antje Schweitzer and Hinrich Schütze. 2009. Frequency Matters: Pitch Accents and Information Status. Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the European Chapter of the ACL (EACL 2009).

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{schweitzer2009frequency,
  title = {{Frequency Matters: Pitch Accents and Information Status}},
  author = {Katrin Schweitzer, Michael Walsh, Bernd Möbius, Arndt Riester, Antje Schweitzer and Hinrich Schütze},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the European Chapter of the ACL (EACL 2009)},
  year = {2009},
  url = {https://aclanthology.org/E09-1083/}
}
```

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## References

29 references, 0 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

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*Updated 1 November 2026*