---
title: "Linking Databases using Matched Arabic Names (2014)"
description: "The author therefore proposes a hybrid sequential algorithm that runs Levenshtein-style edit distance over name tokens rather… 21 references."
authors: ["Tarek El-Shishtawy"]
year: 2014
venue: "International Journal of Computational Linguistics & Chinese Language Processing, Volume 19, Number 1, March 2014"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/O14-2003/"
licence: "CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/shishtawy-2014-linking-databases-matched-arabic-names/"
---
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# Linking Databases using Matched Arabic Names

**Authors:** [Tarek El-Shishtawy](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/tarek-el-shishtawy/) · **Year:** 2014 · **Venue:** [International Journal of Computational Linguistics & Chinese Language Processing, Volume 19, Number 1, March 2014](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/rocling/) ([ROCLING 2014](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/rocling/2014/)) · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/O14-2003/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/O14-2003.pdf) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2186586389)

**Citations:** 3 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14)

## Summary
The paper addresses matching personal names written in Arabic so that records about the same person can be joined across heterogeneous databases. Arabic names are hard for standard matchers for several reasons. Their tokens look very similar typographically. Their component order is fixed. People often drop middle tokens or common, low-information tokens. Purely character-based metrics miss token-level changes, and bag-of-words methods such as Soft TFIDF ignore order. The author therefore proposes a hybrid sequential algorithm that runs Levenshtein-style edit distance over name tokens rather than characters. Each edit operation is weighted by the token's position in the name, its frequency in a name frequency table, and its character-level similarity, subject to a threshold θ. The method was tested on a large Arabic dataset under several synthetic error scenarios and compared with classical metrics. It raised the worst-case success rate from about 69% (Soft TFIDF) to about 80%, with a best case of 99.67%. In a real university deployment it linked 98.5% of records automatically, which makes it practical for data integration.

## Key points
- The core method extends Levenshtein distance to the token level, using a position weight β and a character similarity threshold θ. Token frequency also adjusts the cost of each edit.
- Results are reported as lower and upper success limits across error types:
  - The proposed method spans about 80% to 99.67%.
  - Soft TFIDF has a minimum of 69%.
  - Basic Levenshtein ranges from 16% to 100%, reaching its maximum on one- or two-character omissions.
- The minimum success level was measured under omission of the second and third tokens. "Success" means the correct name is the top-scoring candidate.
- In a real deployment for the Egyptian Universities Portals Project (EUP, funded by MOHE), the method linked a Benha University staff table (~3500 people) to a training database (2200 records).
  - Exact matching found only 14% of the training records.
  - The algorithm linked 98.5% with no manual work.
- The approach can be ported to other languages with similar naming conventions by replacing the Arabic name frequency table.

## Interesting ideas
- Edit distance can be computed over whole tokens instead of characters, with each operation's cost depending on where the token sits and how common it is. This keeps word order meaningful while tolerating dropped or inserted parts.
- A single threshold θ moves the matcher between behaviour like a pure token matcher (θ = 1) and behaviour like a character-level matcher (θ = 0). This makes the granularity an explicit, tunable dial.
- Instead of one average score, the paper reports lower and upper success limits across deliberately distorted inputs, one distortion type at a time. A method with a narrow, high range is preferred because it is more robust.
- Success is defined as the correct answer ranking first, because the goal is a fully automatic pipeline rather than a shortlist for humans.
- Language-specific knowledge is isolated in a swappable frequency table, so the algorithm itself stays general.

## For Mova

How these ideas could serve Mova, our small open language model — its files, stages and tests:

- **I1** (world): Matching entity mentions such as "Sir John Smith" against "John Smith" in the world of a text could use position- and frequency-weighted token edits to merge entities without ignoring order.
- **I2** (frames): Coreference of named mentions could expose one such dial, adjusted per genre (more typos versus more omitted name parts), and log the chosen value for explainability.
- **I3** (learn): The evaluation could apply controlled corruption types (dropped tokens, misspellings) to inputs and report worst-case and best-case accuracy, exposing brittle components that averages hide.
- **I4** (answer): Readers could be scored on top-1 correctness when answers feed later steps automatically, which keeps the metric aligned with the actual use.
- **I5** (world): Name and token frequency statistics could live as a separate compiled knowledge resource, so matching logic can be reused for other name systems or domains.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

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## Cite

Cite as: Tarek El-Shishtawy. 2014. Linking Databases using Matched Arabic Names. International Journal of Computational Linguistics & Chinese Language Processing, Volume 19, Number 1, March 2014.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@article{elshishtawy2014linking,
  title = {{Linking Databases using Matched Arabic Names}},
  author = {Tarek El-Shishtawy},
  journal = {International Journal of Computational Linguistics \& Chinese Language Processing, Volume 19, Number 1, March 2014},
  year = {2014},
  url = {https://aclanthology.org/O14-2003/}
}
```

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## References

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*Updated 2 November 2026*