---
title: "Morfessor 2.0: Toolkit for statistical morphological segmentation — Smit 2014"
description: "The new release adds semi-supervised learning with weighted annotated data, on-line training, n-best Viterbi… 15 references, cited by 62 papers here."
authors: ["Peter Smit", "Sami Virpioja", "Stig-Arne Grönroos", "Mikko Kurimo"]
year: 2014
venue: "Proceedings of the Demonstrations at the 14th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/E14-2006/"
doi: "10.3115/v1/e14-2006"
licence: "CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/smit-2014-morfessor-2-0-toolkit-statistical/"
---
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# Morfessor 2.0: Toolkit for statistical morphological segmentation

**Authors:** Peter Smit, Sami Virpioja, Stig-Arne Grönroos and Mikko Kurimo · **Year:** 2014 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the Demonstrations at the 14th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/E14-2006/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/E14-2006.pdf) · [DOI 10.3115/v1/e14-2006](https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/e14-2006) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2250618788)

**Citations:** 106 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14) · [62](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/smit-2014-morfessor-2-0-toolkit-statistical/cited-by/) in our library, of the 140,884 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
Morfessor 2.0 is a re-implementation of the Morfessor Baseline algorithm, a probabilistic method for unsupervised morphological segmentation. The software splits words into morph-like units using raw text alone. The original Morfessor 1.0 had stayed in wide use for speech recognition, machine translation and speech retrieval, so the authors rebuilt it as a modular, openly licensed Python toolkit with command-line tools and a library API. The model is still trained by MAP estimation: a lexicon prior that prefers fewer and shorter units is balanced against the data likelihood. Training uses a recursive binary-splitting local search, and Viterbi decoding segments new words. The new release adds semi-supervised learning with weighted annotated data, on-line training, n-best Viterbi segmentation, and built-in evaluation with boundary precision/recall (BPR) and significance testing. The code is also generic: it treats any sequence of atoms as segmentable data, not just words. This is a demonstration paper and reports no benchmark numbers. Its contribution is a maintained, extensible tool for morphologically rich, concatenative languages.

## Key points
- Morfessor 2.0 rewrites Morfessor Baseline (Creutz and Lagus, 2002), whose first implementation was Morfessor 1.0 (2005). It is released open source under a permissive license on GitHub (aalto-speech/morfessor) and the Morpho project site.
- Semi-supervised training follows Kohonen et al. (2010):
  - A weight α on the corpus likelihood controls over- versus under-segmentation.
  - A separate weight β scales the likelihood of the annotated data.
  - Both weights can be grid-searched on development data, or set with built-in heuristics.
- Morfessor 2.0 changes the model in two ways compared with 1.0. It adds compound-boundary probabilities to the likelihood, and it supports only an implicit exponential length prior.
- The workflow uses three command-line tools: `morfessor-train`, `morfessor-segment` and `morfessor-evaluate`. Evaluation reports BPR (Virpioja et al., 2011) and includes a Wilcoxon signed-rank test for comparing models.
- The web demo covers six languages:

  | Language | Running words | Word forms |
  |---|---|---|
  | English | 62M | ~385K |
  | Estonian | 212M | ~3.9M |
  | Finnish | 36M | ~2.2M |
  | German | 46M | ~1.27M |
  | Swedish | 1M | ~92K |
  | Turkish | 12M | ~617K |

  For each word, the demo shows the 5 best segmentations.

## Interesting ideas
- **Domain-neutral vocabulary.** The code talks about "atoms", "compounds" and "constructions" instead of letters, words and morphs. The same segmenter can therefore be reused for other tasks, such as chunking sentences into phrases or splitting other symbol sequences.
- **Separate weight for scarce labeled data.** A small annotated set can be swamped by the likelihood of a huge raw corpus. Giving it its own scaling factor is a simple, general fix for any semi-supervised objective that mixes small gold data with large unlabeled data.
- **Tuning a hyperparameter during training.** α is adjusted on the fly to balance boundary precision against recall, which avoids a full grid search. Similar heuristics could tune other segmenters, such as subword tokenizers for Ukrainian NLP.
- **Random skipping of recently seen items.** In on-line or batch training, frequent words that were just analyzed are probabilistically skipped. This saves compute on Zipfian text data with little cost to the model.
- **Evaluation and significance testing built into the tool.** Shipping BPR scoring and a Wilcoxon test with the toolkit makes model comparisons reproducible. Returning n-best segmentations with their probabilities also exposes the model's uncertainty for downstream use.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Natural language processing](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/nlp/)

Topics: [🧩 Morphology](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/morphology/)

## Institutions

- [Aalto University](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/aalto-university/) — University, Espoo, Finland · 4 works · 559 citations

## Cite

Cite as: Peter Smit, Sami Virpioja, Stig-Arne Grönroos and Mikko Kurimo. 2014. Morfessor 2.0: Toolkit for statistical morphological segmentation. Proceedings of the Demonstrations at the 14th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{smit2014morfessor,
  title = {{Morfessor 2.0: Toolkit for statistical morphological segmentation}},
  author = {Peter Smit, Sami Virpioja, Stig-Arne Grönroos and Mikko Kurimo},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Demonstrations at the 14th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year = {2014},
  doi = {10.3115/v1/e14-2006},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/e14-2006}
}
```

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## References

15 references, 0 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

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13. S. Virpioja, O. Kohonen, and K. Lagus. 2010. Unsupervised morpheme analysis with Allomorfessor. In Multilingual Information Access Evaluation I. Text Retrieval Experiments, volume 6241 of LNCS, pages 609–616. Springer Berlin / Heidelberg. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=S%2E+Virpioja%2C+O%2E+Kohonen%2C+and+K%2E+Lagus%2E+2010%2E+Unsupervised+morpheme+analysis+with+Allomorfessor%2E+In+Multilingual+Information+Access+Evaluation+I%2E+Text+Retrieval+Experiments%2C+volume+6241+of+LNCS%2C+pages+)
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