---
title: "brat: a Web-based Tool for NLP-Assisted — Stenetorp 2012"
description: "Building gold-standard corpora is slow and expensive."
authors: ["Pontus Stenetorp", "Sampo Pyysalo", "Goran Topić", "Tomoko Ohta", "Sophia Ananiadou", "Jun'ichi Tsujii"]
year: 2012
venue: "Proceedings of the Demonstrations at the 13th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/E12-2021/"
licence: "CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/stenetorp-2012-brat-web-based-tool-nlp/"
---
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# brat: a Web-based Tool for NLP-Assisted Text Annotation

**Authors:** [Pontus Stenetorp](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/pontus-stenetorp/), [Sampo Pyysalo](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/sampo-pyysalo/), Goran Topić, [Tomoko Ohta](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/tomoko-ohta/), [Sophia Ananiadou](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/sophia-ananiadou/), [Jun'ichi Tsujii](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/jun-ichi-tsujii/) · **Year:** 2012 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the Demonstrations at the 13th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/E12-2021/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/E12-2021.pdf) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W8550301)

**Citations:** 905 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · [463](#cited-by) in our library, of the 140884 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
Building gold-standard corpora is slow and expensive. Most annotation tools of the time were aimed at technical users and offered little beyond the basics. The authors present BRAT, a browser-based annotation environment built on their earlier STAV visualiser. It lets annotators mark text spans, binary relations, n-ary event structures, attributes and free-text notes, all through familiar mouse gestures. It also checks configurable constraints on the annotation schema, offers corpus search and imports output from automatic tools. Its NLP assistance is designed to support human decisions rather than replace them. A machine-learning semantic class disambiguation component narrows the list of candidate types the annotator must choose from. In a controlled experiment, one expert annotated 80 biomedical abstracts with 54 mention types. Assisted ("rapid") mode cut total annotation time by about 15%, almost entirely because choosing a type became faster. The tool is open source under the MIT license, and during development it had already been used to create more than 50,000 annotations. It therefore shows that a usable interface combined with light ML assistance can lower annotation costs.

## Key points
- Rapid mode reduced total annotation time by 15.4% (45:28 → 39:24) and type-selection time by 30.7% (13:49 → 09:35). The two conditions produced nearly identical annotation counts (1,546 normal vs 1,541 rapid).
- The disambiguation component shrank the choice set from 54 types (19 physical entity, 35 event/process) to an average of 2.88. In earlier work across six corpora, it cut ambiguity by over 75% while keeping the correct class about 99% of the time (Stenetorp et al., 2011a).
- In 2011, the tool was used to annotate six corpora by four research groups, including the EPI and ID corpora of the BioNLP Shared Task 2011. Other projects covered cancer-biology events, Japanese verb frames and gene-mutation-phenotype relations.
- Technical design:
  - The client uses XHTML, SVG and jQuery and talks to the server over JSON/AJAX.
  - The server is a stateless Python RESTful back-end supporting CGI or FastCGI, with FastCGI responses under 100 ms.
  - Annotations are stored in a file-based stand-off format.
  - Text handling is fully Unicode.
- BRAT ships with example data from over 20 corpora in seven languages, including CoNLL NER and multilingual dependency parsing data. It is available at http://brat.nlplab.org.

## Interesting ideas
- **Narrow choices instead of auto-labelling.** Rather than pre-filling labels that annotators might accept uncritically, the system only shortens the menu of plausible types. The human still decides every item. This lowers bias from automatic pre-annotation while saving time, which suits any large tagset (e.g., fine-grained NER or UD relations).
- **Validate the schema live.** Constraints such as required argument roles and allowed argument types are checked as the annotator works, and violations are highlighted visually. Errors are caught at creation time, not in a later consistency pass, which matters for complex event or relation schemes.
- **Let the server own the data.** Every edit is sent to the server immediately, so there is no save button and no merging of divergent copies. This also allows several annotators to work on one document at the same time, which helps small distributed teams.
- **Give every annotation a URI.** Each annotation can be linked directly from e-mail, documents or web pages. This makes guideline discussions and error reports concrete, a cheap trick for any collaborative curation workflow.
- **Control for confounds in productivity tests.** The experiment used a single experienced annotator and stratified-sampled pairs of 10-document sets with matched statistics. Assisted and unassisted sets alternated so that learning effects would not favour either mode. This design is a reusable template for measuring whether a tool change really speeds up annotation.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Natural language processing](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/nlp/)

## Cited by

Cited by

463 papers of our library cite it (of the 140884 whose bibliographies we read); 25 of them have a page here, 438 not yet.

- [Annotating the Implicit Content of Sluices](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/aclbulk-2015-anand-annotating-implicit-content-sluices/)
- [It Depends: Dependency Parser Comparison Using A Web-based Evaluation Tool](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/aclbulk-2015-choi-it-depends-dependency-parser-comparison/)
- [Visual Representations of Temporal Relations between Events and Time Expressions in News Stories](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/amorim-2025-visual-representations-temporal-relations-between/)
- [Beyond Error Categories: A Contextual Approach of Evaluating Emerging Spell and Grammar Checkers](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/arnardottir-2024-beyond-error-categories-contextual-approach/)
- [SemEval 2017 Task 10: ScienceIE - Extracting Keyphrases and Relations from Scientific Publications](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/augenstein-2017-semeval-2017-task-10-scienceie/)
- [PromptSource: An Integrated Development Environment and Repository for Natural Language Prompts](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/bach-2022-promptsource-integrated-development-environment-repository/)
- [An Annotated Dataset of Coreference in English Literature](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/bamman-2020-annotated-dataset-coreference-english-literature/)
- [Modeling Biological Processes for Reading Comprehension](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/berant-2014-modeling-biological-processes-reading-comprehension/)
- [NoEl: An Annotated Corpus for Noun Ellipsis in English](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/gram-2020-khullar-noel-annotated-corpus-noun-ellipsis/)
- [Monday mornings are my fave :) #not Exploring the Automatic Recognition of Irony in English tweets](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/hee-2016-monday-mornings-are-my-fave/)
- [SemEval-2018 Task 3: Irony Detection in English Tweets](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/hee-2018-semeval-2018-task-3-irony/)
- [NARC – Norwegian Anaphora Resolution Corpus](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/hlum-2022-narc-norwegian-anaphora-resolution-corpus/)
- [Measuring the Evolution of a Scientific Field through Citation Frames](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/jurgens-2018-measuring-evolution-scientific-field-through/)
- [Multi-Task Identification of Entities, Relations, and Coreference for Scientific Knowledge Graph Construction](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/luan-2018-multi-task-identification-entities-relations/)
- [A Corpus with Multi-Level Annotations of Patients, Interventions and Outcomes to Support Language Processing for Medical Literature](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/nye-2018-corpus-multi-level-annotations-patients/)
- [Survey of Tools for Manual Linguistic Annotation: Supporting Diversity through Interactive Exploration](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/pannitto-2026-survey-tools-manual-linguistic-annotation/)
- [SemEval-2014 Task 4: Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/pontiki-2014-semeval-2014-task-4-aspect/)
- [SemEval-2015 Task 12: Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/pontiki-2015-semeval-2015-task-12-aspect/)
- [SemEval-2016 Task 5: Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/pontiki-2016-semeval-2016-task-5-aspect/)
- [Udapi: Universal API for Universal Dependencies](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/popel-2017-udapi-universal-api-universal-dependencies/)
- [Parsing Argumentation Structures in Persuasive Essays](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/stab-2017-parsing-argumentation-structures-persuasive-essays/)
- [Universal Dependencies v1: A Multilingual Treebank Collection](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ud-2016-nivre-universal-dependencies-v1-multilingual-treebank/)
- [The More Antecedents, the Merrier: Resolving Multi-Antecedent Anaphors](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/vala-2016-more-antecedents-merrier-resolving-multi/)
- [WebAnno: A Flexible, Web-based and Visually Supported System for Distributed Annotations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/yimam-2013-webanno-flexible-web-based-visually/)
- [Regression-Tested Compositional Semantics: A Graphical Development Environment for Glue and Description-by-Analysis](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zymla-2026-regression-tested-compositional-semantics-graphical/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{stenetorp2012brat,
  title = {{brat: a Web-based Tool for NLP-Assisted Text Annotation}},
  author = {Stenetorp, Pontus and Pyysalo, Sampo and Topić, Goran and Ohta, Tomoko and Ananiadou, Sophia and Tsujii, Jun'ichi},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Demonstrations at the 13th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year = {2012},
  url = {https://aclanthology.org/E12-2021/}
}
```

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