---
title: "Factivity and presupposition in Dependent Type Semantics (2017)"
description: "The authors build on Dependent Type Semantics (DTS), which pairs CCG syntax with dependent type… 52 references, cited by 3 papers here."
authors: ["Ribeka Tanaka", "Koji Mineshima", "Daisuke Bekki"]
year: 2017
venue: "Journal of Language Modelling"
source: "https://jlm.ipipan.waw.pl/index.php/JLM/article/view/153"
doi: "10.15398/jlm.v5i2.153"
licence: "CC BY 4.0"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/tanaka-2017-factivity-presupposition-dependent-type-semantics/"
---
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# Factivity and presupposition in Dependent Type Semantics

**Authors:** Ribeka Tanaka, [Koji Mineshima](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/koji-mineshima/) and [Daisuke Bekki](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/daisuke-bekki/) · **Year:** 2017 · **Venue:** [Journal of Language Modelling](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/journal-of-language-modelling/) ([Journal of Language Modelling 2017](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/journal-of-language-modelling/2017/)) · **Publisher:** [Polish Academy of Sciences](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/publishers/polish-academy-of-sciences/) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://doi.org/10.15398/jlm.v5i2.153) · [PDF](https://jlm.ipipan.waw.pl/index.php/JLM/article/download/153/176) · [DOI 10.15398/jlm.v5i2.153](https://doi.org/10.15398/jlm.v5i2.153) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2767985071)

**Citations:** 12 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14) · 3 in our library, of the 149,439 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
The paper asks how a proof-theoretic semantics can explain the inferences that factive verbs such as *know* license. Previous treatments were mostly model-theoretic. Work in epistemic logic studied knowledge itself but not how language expresses it or what it presupposes. The authors build on Dependent Type Semantics (DTS), which pairs CCG syntax with dependent type theory and represents anaphora with underspecified terms. They extend DTS so that proof objects can be passed around like ordinary arguments. A factive verb can then require evidence that its complement holds. This yields a compositional account of both entailment and presupposition for *know*. It also gives a formal version of the old distinction between facts and propositions, which explains why factive and non-factive verbs behave differently. The paper is purely theoretical: there are no corpora, models or evaluation numbers. Its value is a precise, computable account that ties anaphora, presupposition and factivity together in one framework.

## Key points
- Written by Ribeka Tanaka, Koji Mineshima and Daisuke Bekki (Ochanomizu University; CREST, JST), the article appeared in 2017 in the Journal of Language Modelling, volume 5, issue 2, on pages 385–420.
- DTS (Bekki 2014) works in three steps:
  - CCG (Steedman 2000) maps a sentence deterministically to an underspecified representation.
  - Anaphora and presupposition resolution is then cast as type checking.
- Σ-types act as dynamic existentials, and Π-types act as universals. Projection functions on proof terms carry discourse referents forward, as in the donkey sentence.
- Common nouns are treated as predicates of type entity → type, not as types (contra Ranta, Luo). The authors argue this explains three things:
  - Predicate nominals ("John is a man") introduce no referent.
  - Pronouns pointing back to such nominals surface as *it* or *which*.
  - An equality-based analysis would wrongly make negated and conditional sentences presuppose the predication.
- Factivity is modelled through proof objects as first-class terms. This gives a type-level split between facts and propositions.

## Interesting ideas
- A factive verb takes the clause together with a witness that the clause is true, while a non-factive verb takes only the clause; the difference sits in the verb's argument type rather than in an ad hoc rule.
- Resolving a pronoun or presupposition is framed as finding a context term with the required type, so the resolver has a checkable success criterion and leaves an explicit trace.
- Interpretation is split into a deterministic mapping to an underspecified form plus a separate resolution step, which keeps syntax-driven composition clean and isolates context-dependent choices.
- Common nouns are treated as predicates, so a predicative sentence adds a property to an existing individual instead of creating a new one, matching the fact that such nominals cannot be referred back to with *he/she*.
- Embedding a sentence under negation or a conditional is used as a diagnostic: content that still follows is presupposed, not merely entailed.

## For Mova

How these ideas could serve Mova, our small open language model — its files, stages and tests:

- **I1** (world): for "X knows that P", add P to the shared world with X's knowledge as provenance, while for "X believes that P", keep P only inside X's belief space.
- **I2** (frames): coreference could search the world for entities that satisfy the slot's type constraint and log that constraint as the explanation for each link.
- **I3** (frames): build frames from the UD tree with explicit open placeholders for pronouns and presupposed content, then fill them in a dedicated, auditable pass.
- **I4** (world): copular "is a N" should attach a class or property to the subject entity and must not spawn a new entity that later pronouns could grab.
- **I5** (learn): auto-generate negated and "if…" variants of test items as negative controls to check that the system keeps presupposed facts but drops plain entailments.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

## Institutions

- [Ochanomizu University](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/ochanomizu-university/) — University, Tokyo, Japan · 2 works · 67 citations

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🧭 Topics (1): [😉 Implicature](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/implicature/) · 138 works

## Cite

Cite as: Ribeka Tanaka, Koji Mineshima and Daisuke Bekki. 2017. Factivity and presupposition in Dependent Type Semantics. Journal of Language Modelling.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@article{tanaka2017factivity,
  title = {{Factivity and presupposition in Dependent Type Semantics}},
  author = {Ribeka Tanaka, Koji Mineshima and Daisuke Bekki},
  journal = {Journal of Language Modelling},
  year = {2017},
  doi = {10.15398/jlm.v5i2.153},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.15398/jlm.v5i2.153}
}
```

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*Updated 1 November 2026*