---
title: "AmDi - Ambiguous Words Diachronic Dataset — Thielen 2026"
description: "German NLP has lacked a resource that serves both Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) and Lexical Semantic Change Detection (LSCD)."
authors: ["Felix Thielen", "Kai Kugler"]
year: 2026
venue: "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/2026.lrec-1.934/"
doi: "10.63317/46xmhmibv9hz"
licence: "CC BY-NC 4.0 (ELRA, LREC proceedings)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/thielen-2026-amdi-ambiguous-words-diachronic-dataset/"
---
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# AmDi - Ambiguous Words Diachronic Dataset

**Authors:** Felix Thielen, Kai Kugler · **Year:** 2026 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the Fifteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC 4.0 (ELRA, LREC proceedings)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2026.lrec-1.934/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2026.lrec-1.934.pdf) · [DOI 10.63317/46xmhmibv9hz](https://doi.org/10.63317/46xmhmibv9hz) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W7160026276)

**Citations:** 0 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14)

## Summary
German NLP has lacked a resource that serves both Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) and Lexical Semantic Change Detection (LSCD). Sense-annotated German corpora such as TüBa-D/Z or GLASS are essentially synchronic. Diachronic sets such as SemEval-2020 Task 1 or DWUG DE do not tie usages to a fixed sense inventory. Thielen and Kugler address this with AmDi, a collection of German sentences containing ambiguous nouns. The sentences come from the DWDS corpora and are organised by decade from 1901 to 2018, with blog and Wikipedia material added for recent years. Student annotators labelled each usage with a GermaNet synset, and only instances with complete annotator agreement were retained. Rare senses were reinforced with sentences containing synonymous or compound words. The authors also provide baselines: fine-tuned transformer classifiers, few-shot LLM prompting enriched with GermaNet sense information, unsupervised usage clustering, and static and contextual embeddings for measuring drift. The supplied excerpt does not include the numerical baseline results. Because every sense is both time-stamped and linked to a lexicon, AmDi enables interpretable, sense-level evaluation of semantic change.

## Key points
- **Size:** 22,230 samples, 637,871 tokens, 26 lexemes, 80 GermaNet senses and 14 timespans. Subsets "small" (21,363 samples, 69 synsets) and "tiny" (17,810 samples, 46 synsets) merge rare classes into "None" using a mean-minus-k·σ threshold.
- **Sources:** the DWDS corpora public (1901–2018, the main source), blogs (1995–2014) and wikipedia (2006–2023), retrieved through the DWDS JSON API.
- **Annotation:**
  - 17 mostly high-frequency polysemous base nouns (e.g., Bank, Schimmel, Tor, Maske, Virus) were annotated by 16 native-speaker students. The first round of 10,020 instances reached 79% agreement.
  - 57 synonymous words were then added to cover rarer senses.
  - Keeping only fully agreed samples discarded about 3% of the data (750 of 22,980).
- **WSD baselines:**
  - Fine-tuning of gBERT-large, XLM-RoBERTa-large and XL-LEXEME on a stratified 90/10 split.
  - Few-shot prompting of six models.
  - Unsupervised clustering of usages.
- **LSCD baselines:** static word vectors trained on time-segmented corpus slices, and contextual embeddings from pretrained and fine-tuned models, with per-lexeme cosine and Jaccard drift analyses.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/linguistics/)

Topics: [Word sense disambiguation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/word-sense-disambiguation/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{thielen2026amdi,
  title = {{AmDi - Ambiguous Words Diachronic Dataset}},
  author = {Thielen, Felix and Kugler, Kai},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fifteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.63317/46xmhmibv9hz},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.63317/46xmhmibv9hz}
}
```

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