---
title: "Psychometric Properties of Self-Regulated Learning Strategies in"
description: "The author develops and validates two questionnaires: QSRLSLEG measures the self-regulated learning (SRL) strategies… 96 references."
authors: ["Thi Nhu Ngoc Truong"]
year: 2022
venue: "Frontiers in Education 7"
source: "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feduc.2022.801570/full"
doi: "10.3389/feduc.2022.801570"
licence: "CC BY (journal licence per DOAJ; Frontiers in Education)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/truong-2022-psychometric-properties-self-regulated-learning/"
---
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# Psychometric Properties of Self-Regulated Learning Strategies in Learning English Grammar and English Grammar Self-Efficacy Scales

**Authors:** Thi Nhu Ngoc Truong · **Year:** 2022 · **Venue:** [Frontiers in Education 7](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/frontiers-in-education/) ([Frontiers in Education 2022](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/frontiers-in-education/2022/)) · **Publisher:** [Frontiers Media](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/publishers/frontiers-media/) · **Licence:** [CC BY (journal licence per DOAJ; Frontiers in Education)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.801570) · [PDF](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/education/articles/10.3389/feduc.2022.801570/pdf) · [DOI 10.3389/feduc.2022.801570](https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.801570) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W4214925210)

**Citations:** 8 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14)

## Summary
Studies of learner strategies in foreign-language education rarely treat grammar from the angle of self-regulation and self-efficacy. Vietnam had no validated instruments for this, even though teaching there leans on grammar and English exam results are often weak. The author develops and validates two questionnaires:
- **QSRLSLEG** measures the self-regulated learning (SRL) strategies students apply when studying English grammar.
- **QEGSE** captures how confident students feel about their grammar ability.

The work draws on Bandura's social cognitive theory, which links personal, behavioral and environmental influences, and on Zimmerman's SRL research. Survey responses came from 782 Vietnamese high-school students aged 16–17 at two schools. They were analysed with the disjoint two-stage approach to Partial Least Square-Structural Equation modelling. The final 24-item and 8-item versions show face, content and construct validity, plus reliability. Grammar self-efficacy is moderately related to SRL strategy use and has predictive relevance for it. This gives teachers and researchers a grammar-specific way to diagnose how students self-regulate and to judge whether strategy-training interventions work.

## Key points
- Participants were 350 male and 432 female students, aged 16–17, from two Vietnamese high schools. Universiti Putra Malaysia's ethics committee granted approval for the study (JKEUPM-2020-056), and legal guardians gave written consent.
- The instruments are a 24-item QSRLSLEG and an 8-item QEGSE. Experts, including Dr. Timothy Cleary, reviewed the wording and content of most QSRLSLEG items.
- Data were analysed with the disjoint two-stage PLS-SEM approach. Self-efficacy showed a moderate link to SRL strategy use and predictive relevance for it.
- Unlike Pawlak's GLSI, QSRLSLEG does not split strategies by explicit versus implicit grammar instruction. It also omits affective factors, which the author names as a limitation.
- The author proposes future validation across other Asian EFL populations where grammar dominates classroom teaching.

## Interesting ideas
- A new measurement tool is accepted only after it passes several independent checks: face validity, content validity, construct validity and reliability. Passing just one is not enough.
- Domain experts vetted item wording before the questionnaire went to the field, which catches ambiguous or leading phrasing early.
- The strategy list was deliberately kept independent of the teaching mode, so one instrument covers all situations without per-condition variants.
- Self-regulation is split along Bandura's triad into personal, behavioral and environmental components, each tied to concrete observable actions. Examples include checking surrounding words in an exercise, self-quizzing, and choosing a quiet place to study.
- Beyond correlation, the study tests whether one construct (self-efficacy) has predictive relevance for another (strategy use). This frames a self-belief as something whose usefulness must be demonstrated.

## For Mova

How these ideas could serve Mova, our small open language model — its files, stages and tests:

- **I1** (learn): New evaluation suites or silver datasets could pass a similar layered gate, combining expert review of items, structural consistency checks and stability across runs, before their scores are trusted.
- **I2** (answer): School-course test questions and fable-QA items could get a human or LLM-teacher wording review first, so failures reflect reading errors rather than badly posed questions.
- **I3** (learn): Evaluation probes could be written to be agnostic to which parser or pipeline produced the analysis, letting the perceptron parser and gparse be compared on identical items.
- **I4** (world): Agent states in a text world could be modelled along these three separate axes, so narratives about learners or workers can be tracked and queried by type of action.
- **I5** (learn): Mova's own confidence scores per parse or answer could be tested for whether they actually predict correctness, treating confidence as a construct that needs validation.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

## Institutions

Also on the byline: [University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City](https://ror.org/010yce376).

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## Cite

Cite as: Thi Nhu Ngoc Truong. 2022. Psychometric Properties of Self-Regulated Learning Strategies in Learning English Grammar and English Grammar Self-Efficacy Scales. Frontiers in Education 7.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{truong2022psychometric,
  title = {{Psychometric Properties of Self-Regulated Learning Strategies in Learning English Grammar and English Grammar Self-Efficacy Scales}},
  author = {Thi Nhu Ngoc Truong},
  booktitle = {Frontiers in Education 7},
  year = {2022},
  doi = {10.3389/feduc.2022.801570},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.801570}
}
```

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## References

96 references, 0 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

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*Updated 2 November 2026*