---
title: "Frequency modulates structural choice in Turkish — Turk 2026"
description: "The paper examines why derivational suspended affixation (SA) in Turkish is described as highly restricted, yet speakers accept some instances."
authors: ["Utku Turk", "Eva Neu", "Özge Bakay", "Brian Dillon", "Gaja Jarosz"]
year: 2026
venue: "Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics 2026"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/2026.scil-main.32/"
doi: "10.18653/v1/2026.scil-main.32"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/turk-2026-frequency-modulates-structural-choice-turkish/"
---
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# Frequency modulates structural choice in Turkish suspended affixation: a latent-process account

**Authors:** [Utku Turk](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/utku-turk/), [Eva Neu](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/eva-neu/), [Özge Bakay](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/ozge-bakay/), [Brian Dillon](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/brian-dillon/), Gaja Jarosz · **Year:** 2026 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics 2026 · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2026.scil-main.32/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2026.scil-main.32.pdf) · [DOI 10.18653/v1/2026.scil-main.32](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.scil-main.32) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W7166838096)

**Citations:** 0 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14)

## Summary
The paper examines why derivational suspended affixation (SA) in Turkish is described as highly restricted, yet speakers accept some instances. In SA, one suffix on the last conjunct applies to every coordinated element. The authors propose that SA is structurally ambiguous between two parses:
- **Base generation:** the affix attaches to the whole coordination.
- **Ellipsis:** the affix sits on each conjunct and is deleted on the non-final ones.

They argue that derivational suffixes are too tightly bound to the root to be deleted, so they require the base-generation parse. Frequent coordinations tend to be stored holistically, which makes that parse more likely.

To test this, they ran an acceptability rating study on four derivational suffixes in SA and full forms, varying how frequent the coordinations were. They analysed the ratings with ordinal regression and a Multinomial Processing Tree (MPT) model, which separates hidden parse choices from the observed responses. Frequency raised the probability of base generation for -sIz and -cI, but not for -lI or -lIk. The authors conclude that frequency influences which structure the parser builds, rather than simply making familiar strings sound better.

## Key points
- **Suffixes tested:** -sIz ('-less'), -cI ('-maker'), -lI ('-having') and -lIk ('-for'). The model used Bayesian estimation, with 89% credible intervals reported.
- **Base-generation probability at mean frequency:** 0.30 for -sIz and 0.38 for -cI (ellipsis dominates), 0.50 for -lI (fully uncertain), and 0.60 for -lIk (base generation modestly dominant).
- **Effect of frequency on base generation:**
  - Posterior probability of a positive effect was 0.83 for -sIz and 0.80 for -cI, which the authors call a suggestive positive effect.
  - For -lI it was only 0.12, a suggestive negative trend.
  - For -lIk (0.62) the direction was uncertain.
- **Value of the latent model:** for -cI, the MPT detected an influence of frequency on which structure was chosen, an influence that did not appear in the ordinal surface ratings. The authors take this as evidence that a latent-process model is needed.
- **Proposed follow-up:** a forced-choice interpretation task. Under base generation the suffix should take joint, wide scope over the coordination, while under ellipsis it should apply to each conjunct separately.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/linguistics/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{turk2026frequency,
  title = {{Frequency modulates structural choice in Turkish suspended affixation: a latent-process account}},
  author = {Turk, Utku and Neu, Eva and Bakay, Özge and Dillon, Brian and Jarosz, Gaja},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics 2026},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/2026.scil-main.32},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.scil-main.32}
}
```

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42. Dario Paape and Shravan Vasishth. 2022. Estimating the true cost of garden-pathing: A computational model of latent cognitive processes. Cognitive Science, 46:e13186. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Dario+Paape+and+Shravan+Vasishth%2E+2022%2E+Estimating+the+true+cost+of+garden%2Dpathing%3A+A+computational+model+of+latent+cognitive+processes%2E+Cognitive+Science%2C+46%3Ae13186%2E)
43. Steven Pinker and Michael T. Ullman. 2002. The past and future of the past tense. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6:456–463. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Steven+Pinker+and+Michael+T%2E+Ullman%2E+2002%2E+The+past+and+future+of+the+past+tense%2E+Trends+in+Cognitive+Sciences%2C+6%3A456%E2%80%93463%2E)
44. Bernhard Wälchli. 2005. Co-Compounds and Natural Coordination. Oxford UP, New York, NY. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Bernhard+W%C3%A4lchli%2E+2005%2E+Co%2DCompounds+and+Natural+Coordination%2E+Oxford+UP%2C+New+York%2C+NY%2E)
45. James Hye-Suk Yoon and Wooseung Lee. 2005. Conjunction reduction and its consequences for noun phrase morphosyntax in Korean. In Proceedings of the 24th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics, pages 379–387, Somerville, MA. Cascadilla Proceedings Project. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=James+Hye%2DSuk+Yoon+and+Wooseung+Lee%2E+2005%2E+Conjunction+reduction+and+its+consequences+for+noun+phrase+morphosyntax+in+Korean%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+24th+West+Coast+Conference+on+Formal+Linguistics%2C+pa)
46. J. Zehr and F. Schwarz. 2018. PennController for Internet Based Experiments (IBEX). [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=J%2E+Zehr+and+F%2E+Schwarz%2E+2018%2E+PennController+for+Internet+Based+Experiments+%28IBEX%29%2E)