---
title: "Evaluating Hierarchical Aggregation and — Villa 2026"
description: "The paper tackles a practical step in building an Ancient Greek WordNet: assigning one fitting WordNet synset to a group of near-synonymous Greek lemmas."
authors: ["Luca Brigada Villa", "Marco Passarotti", "Chiara Zanchi", "Riccardo Ginevra", "Erica Fratellini", "Eleonora Litta"]
year: 2026
venue: "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Language Technologies for Historical and Ancient Languages (LT4HALA 2026) @ LREC 2026"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/2026.lt4hala-1.38/"
doi: "10.63317/29d5dhmeqrn6"
licence: "CC BY-NC 4.0 (ELRA, LREC proceedings)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/villa-2026-evaluating-hierarchical-aggregation-llm-based/"
---
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# Evaluating Hierarchical Aggregation and LLM-Based Matching for Synset Selection in Ancient Greek

**Authors:** [Luca Brigada Villa](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/luca-brigada-villa/), [Marco Passarotti](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/marco-passarotti/), Chiara Zanchi, Riccardo Ginevra, Erica Fratellini, Eleonora Litta · **Year:** 2026 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Language Technologies for Historical and Ancient Languages (LT4HALA 2026) @ LREC 2026 · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC 4.0 (ELRA, LREC proceedings)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2026.lt4hala-1.38/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2026.lt4hala-1.38.pdf) · [DOI 10.63317/29d5dhmeqrn6](https://doi.org/10.63317/29d5dhmeqrn6) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W7166543855)

**Citations:** 0 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14)

## Summary
The paper tackles a practical step in building an Ancient Greek WordNet: assigning one fitting WordNet synset to a group of near-synonymous Greek lemmas. Polysemy makes this hard, because related words may point to neighbouring synsets or to different levels of abstraction. The authors use 16 synonym groups from earlier work by Marchesi et al. (2025). For each group they pool all English definitions from the LSJ lexicon into a "Bag of Definitions" (BoD). They match the BoD against Open English WordNet (OEWN) glosses using sentence embeddings, keeping only synsets of the same part of speech. They then compare two ways of picking the final synset. The first builds bounded hypernym trees and favours roots that organise much of the retrieved candidate space. The second has an LLM write a short metadefinition and judge candidate glosses in pairs, with the judgments ranked by Elo. Graded human evaluation shows the hierarchy-based method is a solid baseline, especially for nouns and verbs. LLM reranking gives no consistent gain and struggles with highly polysemous groups. The authors argue the pipeline can be reused for other languages and lexica.

## Key points
- **Dataset:** 16 Ancient Greek synonym groups, balanced by part of speech (4 each of verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs) and by ambiguity (8 mostly monosemous, 8 mostly polysemous). The data comes from the unipv-larl/llms-ag GitHub repository.
- **Retrieval:** LSJ definitions are taken from the Perseus XML edition without disambiguating senses first. They are matched against OEWN glosses by cosine similarity using four bi-encoders: all-mpnet-base-v2, e5-base-v2, bge-base-en-v1.5 and all-MiniLM-L6-v2.
- **Hierarchy-based selection:** hypernym trees are built with the wn Python library. This works only for nouns and verbs, because adjectives and adverbs lack a WordNet taxonomy.
- **LLM-based selection:** the LLM first writes a single-sentence metadefinition of at most 25 words (temperature 0.2). It then makes binary A/B gloss choices at temperature 0.0, which are aggregated with an Elo scheme.
- **Evaluation and results:** outputs were judged by graded human annotation with position-weighted scoring. Structure-aware aggregation proved robust, while LLM reranking was inconsistent, particularly for polysemous groups.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/linguistics/) · [Natural language processing](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/nlp/) · [History & humanities](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/history/)

Topics: [Word sense disambiguation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/word-sense-disambiguation/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{villa2026evaluating,
  title = {{Evaluating Hierarchical Aggregation and LLM-Based Matching for Synset Selection in Ancient Greek}},
  author = {Villa, Luca Brigada and Passarotti, Marco and Zanchi, Chiara and Ginevra, Riccardo and Fratellini, Erica and Litta, Eleonora},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Language Technologies for Historical and Ancient Languages (LT4HALA 2026) @ LREC 2026},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.63317/29d5dhmeqrn6},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.63317/29d5dhmeqrn6}
}
```

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