---
title: "NIHRIO at SemEval-2018 Task 3 — paper by Vu et al. (2018)"
description: "This SemEval-2018 Task 3 system detects irony in English tweets in two settings: a yes/no decision… 38 references, cited by 5 papers here."
authors: ["Thanh Vu", "Dat Quoc Nguyen", "Xuan-Son Vu", "Dai Quoc Nguyen", "Michael Catt", "Michael Trenell"]
year: 2018
venue: "Proceedings of the 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/S18-1085/"
doi: "10.18653/v1/s18-1085"
arxiv: "1804.00520"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/vu-2018-nihrio-semeval-2018-task-3/"
---
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# NIHRIO at SemEval-2018 Task 3: A Simple and Accurate Neural Network Model for Irony Detection in Twitter

**Authors:** [Thanh Vu](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/thanh-vu/), [Dat Quoc Nguyen](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/dat-quoc-nguyen/), [Xuan-Son Vu](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/xuan-son-vu/), [Dai Quoc Nguyen](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/dai-quoc-nguyen/), Michael Catt and Michael Trenell · **Year:** 2018 · **Venue:** [Proceedings of the 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/semeval/) ([SemEval 2018](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/semeval/2018/)) · **Publisher:** [Association for Computational Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/publishers/association-for-computational-linguistics/) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/S18-1085/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/S18-1085.pdf) · [DOI 10.18653/v1/s18-1085](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/s18-1085) · [arXiv 1804.00520](https://arxiv.org/abs/1804.00520) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2795549323)

**Citations:** 24 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14) · [5](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/vu-2018-nihrio-semeval-2018-task-3/cited-by/) in our library, of the 141,840 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
This SemEval-2018 Task 3 system detects irony in English tweets in two settings: a yes/no decision (Subtask A) and a four-way choice among non-irony, polarity-contrast verbal irony, other verbal irony and situational irony (Subtask B). The authors deliberately train on the version of the data with explicit irony hashtags (#not, #sarcasm, #irony) removed, so training matches the test set. Tweets are cleaned first: elongated spellings are normalized with a dictionary, user mentions and links become placeholder tokens, and emoji are rewritten as text. Each tweet is then turned into a hand-engineered vector of lexical, syntactic, semantic and polarity features. This vector feeds a small Multilayer Perceptron with two ReLU hidden layers. Ten such networks, trained across cross-validation folds, vote on every test tweet. The system placed third by accuracy and fifth by F1 in both subtasks. It outperformed LSTM, CNN, SVM and other classifiers the team tried. The work shows that a carefully featured shallow network can match more complex models on small, noisy data.

## Key points
- The data has 4,618 tweets (2,222 ironic, 2,396 non-ironic), split into 3,834 for training and 784 for testing. Situational irony is rare, with only 205 training examples.
- The input vector has 2,759 features:
  - 2,002 lexical: top-1,000 tf-idf word and character 1–3-grams, plus length counts;
  - 45 syntactic: NLTK POS tags weighted by tf-idf;
  - 700 semantic: averaged 300-d GloVe vectors, a 100-d LSI vector, and Brown cluster counts at 80, 100 and 120 clusters;
  - 12 polarity: Hu and Liu lexicon words, emoji polarity and negation flags.
- The MLP hidden layers are (800, 400) for Subtask A and (800, 300) for Subtask B. Training used Tensorflow with cross-entropy loss and L2 regularization, and the final label comes from a 10-model fold-based vote.
- In Subtask A (44 teams), the system reached accuracy 65.94 (3rd) and F1 64.76 (5th). In Subtask B (32 teams), it reached accuracy 70.15 (3rd) and macro F1 44.37 (5th).
- Per-class F1 in Subtask B was 60.73 for polarity-contrast irony, 31.75 for other verbal irony and only 8.70 for situational irony. An LSTM scored about 92% versus the MLP's 87% when hashtags were kept, but fell behind the MLP once they were removed.

## Interesting ideas
- Polarity-contrast irony is captured by simply counting positive and negative cues, both words and emoji, together with a negation flag, so that a clash between sentiments becomes visible.
- Removing the giveaway irony hashtags from training changes which model wins: the LSTM leads with them but loses without them. This shows how a single surface marker can hide what a model has actually learned.
- A fold-based ensemble lets each of ten models tune on its own held-out fold, and their majority vote gives the final label. This is a cheap way to stabilize results on small data.
- The per-class breakdown exposes a near-total failure on situational irony, which aggregate scores conceal and the authors tie to having only 205 examples.
- Before any analysis, the system normalizes elongated words with a lexicon, maps mentions and URLs to placeholders, and verbalizes emoji.

## For Mova

How these ideas could serve Mova, our small open language model — its files, stages and tests:

- **I1** (frames): the irony module in prag could flag clauses where a positive evaluative predicate meets a negative state of the described situation, using the frame structure rather than raw counts.
- **I2** (learn): build negative-control test sets where obvious cue words are stripped, and check that the irony or speech-act decisions still hold.
- **I3** (learn): when training small classifiers or repair rules on scarce silver data, fold-wise models plus a vote can reduce variance without extra annotation.
- **I4** (learn): always report per-label results for rare frame or speech-act types, so that data starvation is caught early.
- **I5** (tokens): the en tokenizer could apply the same dictionary normalization and placeholder typing for social-media text, which would give the tagger and parser cleaner input.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

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- [The University of Melbourne](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/the-university-of-melbourne/) — University, Melbourne, Australia · 60 works · 21,199 citations
- [Newcastle University](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/newcastle-university/) — University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom · 8 works · 588 citations
- [Deakin University](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/deakin-university/) — University, Burwood, Australia · 2 works · 973 citations
- [Umeå University](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/umea-university/) — University, Umeå, Sweden · 2 works · 37 citations

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## Cite

Cite as: Thanh Vu, Dat Quoc Nguyen, Xuan-Son Vu, Dai Quoc Nguyen, Michael Catt and Michael Trenell. 2018. NIHRIO at SemEval-2018 Task 3: A Simple and Accurate Neural Network Model for Irony Detection in Twitter. Proceedings of the 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{vu2018nihrio,
  title = {{NIHRIO at SemEval-2018 Task 3: A Simple and Accurate Neural Network Model for Irony Detection in Twitter}},
  author = {Thanh Vu, Dat Quoc Nguyen, Xuan-Son Vu, Dai Quoc Nguyen, Michael Catt and Michael Trenell},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation},
  year = {2018},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/s18-1085},
  eprint = {1804.00520},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/s18-1085}
}
```

- [← previous ELiRF-UPV at SemEval-2018 Tasks 1 and 3: Affect and Irony Detection in Tweets](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/gonzalez-2018-elirf-upv-semeval-2018-tasks/)
- [next → Normalizing Early English Letters to Present-day English Spelling](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/hamalainen-2018-normalizing-early-english-letters-present/)
- [↑ back to papers of 2018](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/2018/page/5/)

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*Updated 24 October 2026*