---
title: "Heterogeneous Graph Neural Networks for — Wang 2020"
description: "Extractive summarization depends on modelling how sentences relate to each other."
authors: ["Danqing Wang", "Pengfei Liu", "Yining Zheng", "Xipeng Qiu", "Xuanjing Huang"]
year: 2020
venue: "Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/2020.acl-main.553/"
doi: "10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.553"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/wang-2020-heterogeneous-graph-neural-networks-extractive/"
---
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# Heterogeneous Graph Neural Networks for Extractive Document Summarization

**Authors:** [Danqing Wang](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/danqing-wang/), [Pengfei Liu](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/pengfei-liu/), Yining Zheng, [Xipeng Qiu](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/xipeng-qiu/), [Xuanjing Huang](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/xuanjing-huang/) · **Year:** 2020 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2020.acl-main.553/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2020.acl-main.553.pdf) · [DOI 10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.553](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.553) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W3034353423)

**Citations:** 285 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · [83](#cited-by) in our library, of the 140884 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
Extractive summarization depends on modelling how sentences relate to each other. RNN encoders struggle with long-range links, and similarity or discourse graphs depend on heuristics or external parsers that can introduce errors. Fully connected sentence graphs, such as Transformer encoders, leave open which structure works best. The authors propose HeterSUMGraph, which represents a document as a graph with two node types, words and sentences. Sentences are never linked directly; they connect only through shared words, and TF-IDF values serve as edge features. A CNN plus BiLSTM encoder initializes the sentence nodes. A Graph Attention Network (GAT) with residual connections and feed-forward layers then alternately refreshes word and sentence representations. Finally, a classifier picks sentences, trained on greedy ROUGE-based ORACLE labels. Adding document nodes yields HeterDocSUMGraph for multi-document input. Without any pre-trained language model, the system reportedly outperforms earlier approaches on CNN/DailyMail, NYT50 and Multi-News. This offers a simple, extensible way to add intermediate semantic units to graph summarizers.

## Key points
- On the CNN/DailyMail test set, HeterSUMGraph (HSG) scores 42.31 R-1, 19.51 R-2 and 38.74 R-L.
- On Multi-News, HeterDocSUMGraph (HDSG) reaches 46.05 / 16.35 / 42.08, ahead of Hi-MAP (45.21 / 16.29 / 41.39) and of single-graph HSG (45.66 / 16.22 / 41.80).
- Trigram blocking lowers scores on Multi-News, since its human summaries are written as a whole and reuse key phrases.
- In ablations, removing residual connections or sentence updating cuts R-1 to about 41.6. Edge features, word updating and BiLSTM initialization each also help.
- The gain over Ext-BiLSTM grows with the average degree of word nodes, i.e. for more redundant documents. Code is released at github.com/brxx122/HeterSUMGraph.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Natural language processing](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/nlp/)

## Cited by

Cited by

83 papers of our library cite it (of the 140884 whose bibliographies we read); 5 of them have a page here, 78 not yet.

- [Re-evaluating Evaluation in Text Summarization](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/bhandari-2020-re-evaluating-evaluation-text-summarization/)
- [Extractive Summarization Considering Discourse and Coreference Relations based on Heterogeneous Graph](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/huang-2021-extractive-summarization-considering-discourse-coreference/)
- [BARTScore: Evaluating Generated Text as Text Generation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/yuan-2021-bartscore-evaluating-generated-text-text/)
- [Extractive Summarization as Text Matching](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zhong-2020-extractive-summarization-as-text-matching/)
- [QMSum: A New Benchmark for Query-based Multi-domain Meeting Summarization](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zhong-2021-qmsum-new-benchmark-query-based/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{wang2020heterogeneous,
  title = {{Heterogeneous Graph Neural Networks for Extractive Document Summarization}},
  author = {Wang, Danqing and Liu, Pengfei and Zheng, Yining and Qiu, Xipeng and Huang, Xuanjing},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year = {2020},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.553},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.553}
}
```

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40. A In order to select the best iteration number for H ET -ER SUMG RAPH , we compare performances of different t on the validation set of CNN/DM. All models are trained on a single GeForce RTX 2080 Ti GPU for about 5 epochs. As Table 5 shows, our H ETER SUMG RAPH has comparable results for t = 1 and t… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=A+In+order+to+select+the+best+iteration+number+for+H+ET+%2DER+SUMG+RAPH+%2C+we+compare+performances+of+different+t+on+the+validation+set+of+CNN%2FDM%2E+All+models+are+trained+on+a+single+GeForce+RTX+2080+Ti+G)
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